Latin Study Guide: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Pronouns

1. Study Guide for Latin 1 National Latin Exam

2. Nouns: • 1st 2nd Mas 2nd N 3rd M/F 3rdN • Nom (subj) a us/r um --- --- • Gen (Possae ī ī is is • Dat (I.Ob) ae ō ōī ī • Acc (D.Ob) am um umem ---- • Abl (O/prep) ā ō ō e e

3. PLURAL FORMS • 1st 2nd Mas 2nd N 3rd M/F 3rdN • Nom (subj) aei a es a • Gen (Possarum orumorum um um • Dat (I.Ob) is isisībusibus • Acc (D.Ob) as os a es a • Abl (O/prep) is isisibusibus

4. 1 Nominative: • subject and predicate nominative

5. 2 Genitive: • possession (of, ‘s, s’)

6. 3 Dative: • indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting

7. 4 Accusative: • direct object and object of the following prepositions: • ad –to, toward, near • ante –before, in front of • circum -around • In –into, onto • per -through • post –after, behind • contra -against • inter-between, among • prope –near • trans –across

8. 5 Ablative: • ablative of means (no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by) • object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) • Sub -under Sine –without • In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for • Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from

9. 6 Vocative: • direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?

10. Pronouns:

11. -personal: • ego, tū, nōs, vōs (nominative, dative, accusative and ablative) • I/me you we/us you • Nom ego tūnōsvōs • Gen meītuīnōstrumvestrum • Datmihitibinōbīsvōbīs • Accmētēnōsvōs • Ablmētēnōbīsvōbīs

12. -interrogative: • quis, quid, quī (nominative and accusative only) (uses ? mark) • Who? Who? What? • Nom S quisquis quid • Acc S quemquem quid • Who (pl)? Who (pl)? What (pl)? • Nom plquī quae quae • Accplquōsquās quae

13. Adjectives: • Declensions 1st and 2nd (masculine, feminine and neuter) see noun chart above • -noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case -interrogative: quot =how many

14. Numbers: • Cardinal numbers 1-10; • unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem • 100 –centum and 1000- mille • Roman numerals 1-100: • I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)

15. Adverbs: • positive forms made from from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English) • -formation: pulcher, pulchrA, pulchrum=beautiful: • remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully • -interrogatives: cur, (why?) ubi (where?) quomodo (how?) • -irregulars: bene (well), male (badly)

16. Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when) neque, (and not/neither/nor) et...et, (both… and) neque...neque (neither…nor)

17. Enclitic: • -ne (indicates a question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc) • -que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; translate before the second of the 2 words • e.g. peanut butter and jelly = peanut butter jellyQUE

18. Verbs: • Translations of 4 tenses: Present, Imperfect,Future, Perfect: • Present: I verb I do verb I am verbing • Imperfect: I was verbing I used to verb I kept verbing • Future: I shall/will verb • Perfect: I have verbed I verbed I did verb

19. Conjugations 1st – 4th -are: -ēre: -ere: -ire Subj. Present Imperfect Fut 1st/2nd Fut 3rd/4th Perfect I -ō -bam -bō -am -ī You -s -bās -bis -ēs -istī He, she, it -t -bat -bit -et -it We -mus -bāmus -bimus -ēmus -imus You plural -tis -bātis -bitis -ētis -istis They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -ērunt

20. -present active imperative singular and plural • = verb! 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte

21. -present active infinitive • = to verb • 1st 2nd 3rd 4th • -āre -ēre ere -īre

22. -negative imperative • noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb! • e.g. nōlīamāre = don’t love! Noliteamare = ya’ll don’t love!

23. -irregular verb • sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): (4 tenses) present, imperfect, future, perfect • Present Imperfect Future Perfect • sum eramerōfuīeserāserisfuistīesterateritfuitsumuserāmuserimusfuimusestiserātiseritisfuistissunteranteruntfuērunt

24. II. CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

25. -Geography: • Roman world, e.g., Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare Nostrum, Tiber River • Important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts • Provinces and major cities, e.g., Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy

26. -Mythology: • Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus • Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva; • Major heroes and monsters, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops • Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen

27. -Roman life: • city of Rome, e.g., • Forum, • Circus Maximus, • Colosseum; • Palatine Hill, • Via Appia, • Curia

28. -Daily Life • villa, • E.g. atrium, triclinium, insulae • -clothing, • e.g., toga, tunica, stola; • Roman household, • e.g., pater, mater, servus, filius, filia • -meals, • e.g., ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina • -architectural structures and their functions: • e.g., aqueduct, thermae, circus, amphitheater, curia, basilica

29. History:

30. -Basic historical divisions: • Monarchy- 753BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials • Republic – 509 BC-27BC – consuls are highest officials • Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials

31. -Kings of Rome: • Romulus, 2. NumaPompilius, 3. TullusHostilius, 4. AncusMartius, 5. TarquiniusPriscus, 6. ServiusTullius, 7. TarquiniusSuperbus • -Early Roman heroes-Horatius, Cincinnatus, MuciusScaevola

32. III. LATIN IN USE • -Basic spoken phrases: • e.g., Salve, salvete hello • Quid agis? How are you? / What are you doing? • Quid estnomentibi? What’s your name? • Vale, valete goodbye • Itavero, Yes! • Minime, no! • Quid est? What is it? • Quisest? Who is it? • Gratiastibi ago, Thank you • Sol lucet, The sun is shining • Quota horaest? What time is it? • Adsum, I am present • Quid novi? What’s new?

33. -Derivatives: • English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes • e.g., agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped