A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE 1869-1900 The 2 nd Industrial Revolution

1. A NEW INDUSTRIAL AGE 1869-1900 The 2nd Industrial Revolution

2. THE EXPANSION OF INDUSTRY

3. After Civil War, advances in technology began to change the nation b/c of these advances… • Large supply of natural resources • Explosion of inventions • Growing city population that wanted the new products.

4. What were some of these natural resources?

5. OIL…. Very important natural resource • 1840, Canadian geologist discovered that kerosene could be used to light lamps. • Kerosene produced from oil • Increased Americans’ demand for oil.

6. Edwin L. Drake • 1859, Edwin L. Drake used a steamengine to drill for oil. • This helped start an oil boom. • Drake never benefited • He died a pauper.

7. GASOLINE • Also produced by oil. • Thrown away at first. But when the automobile became popular, gasoline was in great demand.

8. COAL & IRON • 1887, Large amounts of IRON discovered in Minnesota • Also, COAL production increased from 33 mill. tons in 1870 to over 250 mill. tons in 1900.

9. BESSEMER PROCESS • Turns iron to STEEL. • Removes carbon from iron. • Steel lighter, more flexible & doesn’t rust like iron. • Process invented by Henry Bessemer

10. USES OFSTEEL: • Railroads for tracks • Improve farm tools like plow & reaper • Cans for preserving food. • Bridges like Brooklyn Bridge • Skyscrapers

11. Chef Hector Boiardi at 16 arrived at Ellis Island in 1914 Patrons asked for samples and recipes of his spaghetti sauce, which he would often give to the customers in old milk bottles. took his money and invested in steel mills, which then helped produce goods needed for Korean War Catered the reception of President Woodrow Wilson’s marriage

12. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania • Site of many Steel mills along the rivers.

13. INVENTIONS Here are some of the inventions of the late 1800’s that changed how people lived & worked…..

14. ELECTRICITY • 1876, Thomas Alva Edison perfected an early light bulb. • He then worked to establish power plants to generate electricity.

15. What about this?

16. “Old Sparky”

17. Edison v. Westinghouse • Edison = DC • Westinghouse – AC • Edison negative campaigns against Westinghouse

19. BAD ELEPHANT KILLED. Topsy Meets Quick and Painless Death at Coney Island. Die Topsy Die

20. Invention of Electricity changed America... • Ran machines like fans & printing presses. • Soon became available in homes. • Led to invention of appliances. • Cities built electric streetcars which made travel cheaper & easier.

21. TYPEWRITER • Invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867. • Led to dramatic changes in the workplace.

22. TELEPHONE • Invented by Alexander Graham Bell & Thomas Watson in 1876.

23. Phonographs, Bicycles, & Cameras

24. How did the wave of inventions during the late 1800’s change some Americans’ lives?

25. More Women began to work in offices…… By 1910, women made up about 40% of office work force

26. Work that had been done at home- like sewing clothes- was now done in FACTORIES.

27. Unfortunately, many factory employees worked long hours in unhealthy conditions.

28. LEISURE TIME • Invention of machines allowed employees to work faster…..this led to a shorter work week.

29. THE AGE OF RAILROADS

30. TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD • 1869, work completed on first TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD. • This railroad crossed the entire continent.

31. Building & Running Railroads: • Very difficult & dangerous work. • Most work done by Chinese & Irish immigrants & desperate out-of-work Civil War Vets.

32. Accidents & diseases affected thousands of railroad builders each year. By 1888, over 2,000 workers had died. 20,000 had been injured.

33. TIME ZONES: • Railroad schedules hard to keep b/c each community set its won times • 1870, earth divided into 24 time zones. • U.S. contained 4 time zones. • Everyone living in a particular zone would follow the same time.

34. World Time Zones

35. RAILROADS MADE TRAVEL EASIER, INDUSTRY GROWTH,AND COMMUNITIES TO GROW & PROSPER…

36. Railroads led to creation of new towns… • 1880, George M. Pullman built factory outside Chicago . • There, workers made the sleepingcars he invented for trains.

37. Pullman built a large town to house the workers he needed. He created quality housing for his workers. But he tried to control many aspects of their lives…Eventually, the workers rebelled.

38. Railroad industry offered people chance to become rich. • Also attracted many corrupt individuals. • Credit-Mobilier scandal of 1868. (This was an illegal manipulation of construction contracts) SCANDAL

39. FARMERS VS. RAILROADSwhy?

40. Farmers claimed that railroads sold government land grants to businesses rather than to families. • They also accuse railroad industry of setting high shipping prices to keep farmers in debt.

41. Many railroad companies failed due to economic depression of 1893 Result: 7 companies owned most of the nation’s railways.

42. BIG BUSINESS & LABOR

43. ANDREW CARNEGIE • Scottish immigrant who became a giant in the steel industry • Carnegie’s birthplace below.

44. VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION: • Through VERTICAL INTEGRATION he bought companies that supplied his raw materials like iron and coal, & railroads needed to transport the steel. • He used HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION by buying out or merging w/other steel companies.

45. Carnegie’s success helped popularize theory of … SOCIAL DARWINISM

46. What is Social Darwinism? Theory, based on ideas of biologist Charles Darwin. Said that “natural selection” enabled the best suited people to survive & succeed

47. Most entrepreneurs tried to control competition by forming a MONOPOLY

48. What is a monopoly? • A business where there is only 1 seller, but many buyers.

49. Why is this a bad thing? • There is no choice • No choice means the seller sets the price • He can make the price anything • The people have to pay if they want it • Smaller businesses die