Warm-up Vocabulary

1. Warm-up Vocabulary • Caliph – (pg 197) • a successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims • Jihad – ( pg 197) • “struggle,”“holy war,” war to defend the faith; warriors killed in battle go to Paradise. • Caliphate • the area of land controlled by a Caliph • Imam • Highly respected local Islamic worship leader • Muslim’s do not have “priests”

2. Spread of Islam Umayyads and Abbasids

3. A quick review • Mohammed (570-632) founded Islam • Based on the messages he heard from Alla • Same God as the Jews and Christians • Quran – Muslim Holy Book • Teaches respect for Jews, Jesus and “the Book” [ the Bible] • 5 Pillars • Sets up a theocracy - Religion, govt, & army are combined • Followed by the first 4 Caliphs • called “Rightly Guided” • Strictly adhered to Quran

4. Muslim conquest • Under the first 4 caliphs, Islam spreads across Persia and into north Africa (632-661) • Take Jerusalem in 638 • Jihad – “struggle,”“holy war,” war to defend the faith. • Warriors killed in battle will go to Paradise • Arabs are tolerant of other religions • But other religions pay high taxes • So it is cheaper to convert to Islam

6. Umayyad Dynasty (661- 750) • 661 – 4th Caliph ((Mohammed's cousin) is assassinated • The Umayyad family takes over as caliph • Sets up succession by inheritance (dynasty) • Moves the capital from Medina, Arabia (the Prophet’s home) to Damascus, Syria • Builds the Dome of the Rock Mosque • On the site of the Jewish Temple

8. A split occurs (680) • Some are not happy about the Umayyad taking over • Mohammad's grandson, Hussein, leads a revolt • Although the revolt fails, it leads to a split among Muslims

9. A split occurs (680) Sunni Shiite Believe only descendants of Mohammed can lead the Islamic community Umayyads were usurpers 10% of modern Muslims Dominant in Iraq and Iran • Accept the caliphs chosen by the Islamic community at large. • 90% of modern Muslims

10. Umayyad expansion • After the Shiite revolt fails, Umayyad continue to expand across North Africa and into Spain • Spanish Muslims become known as Moors • And east to the Indus river • But support for Umayyad family weakens • Non-Arabs resent favoritism for Arabs • Leaders are becoming corrupt

11. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) • 750 –the Abbasid family takes over • Emphasis is on trade, govt, rather than war • Moves the capital to Baghdad • Tigris river goes south to the Red Sea • It is on the Silk Road. • Less prejudice against non-Arabs • All Muslims can hold office • and marry across racial and national lines

12. Umayyad Abbasid Mohammad

13. Golden Age (800’s ) • Greek works are translated and saved • Muslims are studying science • The empire becomes wealthy controlling the silk road

14. Decline and Division • But wealth leads to corruption • And power leads to in-fighting for control • Non-Arabs rise to ruling class • Generals, civil servants • Local govts start to break away • By 973,capital cities in Spain, Egypt and Baghdad all control a part of the divided empire.

15. Islam will continue to spread • The Middle East is united by Muslim conquest, Arabic language, and trade • But it does NOT create a common culture. • Each nation retains its separate identity. • Especially the African Muslims