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Intelligence

Definition of Intelligence. Hypothetical constructCombination of skillsEngage in goal-directed adaptive behaviorThink rationallyDeal effectively with environment . Experts vs Lay People. Experts -- individual adaptationLearn from experienceAdapt to environmentLay People -- social interactions

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Intelligence

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    1. Intelligence

    2. Definition of Intelligence Hypothetical construct Combination of skills Engage in goal-directed adaptive behavior Think rationally Deal effectively with environment

    3. Experts vs Lay People Experts -- individual adaptation Learn from experience Adapt to environment Lay People -- social interactions Social competence

    4. Culturally-Bound Concept Skills necessary for success in a given culture Skills vary from culture to culture Skills may vary within a culture (subcultures) Skills vary over time

    5. Historical Overview Sir Francis Galton (1822 - 1911) Genetics/eugenics Physical/sensory measurements Statistical techniques James McKeen Cattell (1860 - 1944) Non-usefulness of Galton�s measures

    6. Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911) Identify children who could not profit from normal public school instruction Mental Age If majority of children of a given age can complete a task, the task requires that mental age

    7. Felix, MA = 8, CA = 8, MA/CA = 8/8 = 1 Xena, MA = 10, CA = 8, 10/8 = 1.25 Boris, MA = 6, CA = 8, 6/8 = 0.75

    8. William Stern (1871 - 1938) IQ = MA/CA x 100 Henry Goddard (1866 - 1957) Inadvertently discovered that MA does increase after mid-adolescence Oscar, MA = 16, CA = 16, IQ = 100 MA = 16, CA = 32, IQ = 50

    9. Lewis Terman (1877 - 1956) Stanford Binet Study of giftedness Robert Yerkes (1876 - 1956) Group testing, WWI

    10. David Wechsler (1896 - 1981) Deviation IQ Verbal Scale IQ Performance Scale IQ Full Scale IQ WAIS-R, WISC-III, WPPSI-R

    11. Intelligence Tests Aptitude What a person can accomplish with training Achievement What a person knows

    12. Requirements of Intelligence Tests Reliability Validity Standardization Norms

    13. Wechsler Scales Verbal Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Vocabulary Digit Span

    14. Performance Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit Symbol

    15. Distribution of Intelligence

    16. Theories of Intelligence Psychometric Models Computational Models Biological Models Systems Models

    17. Psychometric Models Charles Spearman (1863 - 1945) Two-Factor Theory g: general factor s: specific factor

    18. Louis Thurstone (1887 - 1955) Seven Primary Mental Abilities

    19. Memory Numerical Ability Perceptual Speed Reasoning Spatial Ability Verbal Meaning Word Fluency

    20. Horn-Cattell�s Two-Factor Theory Fluid Crystallized

    21. Fluid Memory, speed of processing Increases during adulthood Declines during old ages

    22. Crystallized Fund of information Increases throughout lifespan

    23. Structure of Intellect J. P. Guilford Operations Products Contents

    24. Computational Models Lexical-Access Speed Componential Theory

    25. Biological Models Speed of processing Electrical - speed of conduction of neural impulses Metabolic

    26. Systems Models Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner

    27. Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Musical Bodily-Kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal

    28. Triarchic Theory Robert Sternberg Componential Experiential Contextual

    29. Determinants of Intelligence 50% genetic 50% environmental Genes set limits Environment determines actual level Reaction range: 30 - 40 points Malleable, rather than fixed

    30. Preschool Environment Verbal responsivity Caregiver�s involvement with child Avoidance of restriction Organization of schedule Access to materials Variety

    31. Later Development Positive Effects Further education �Cognitive exercising� Negative Effects Drinking Drug usage

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