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WARMUP. Describe what do you think a renaissance means? How do you think a renaissance began in Europe?. 1300-1650. T he Renaissance and Reformation. THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE. Renaissance means “Rebirth” Why do you think this time period means rebirth? Causes of the Renaissance
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WARMUP • Describe what do you think a renaissance means? • How do you think a renaissance began in Europe?
1300-1650 The Renaissance and Reformation
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE • Renaissance means “Rebirth” • Why do you think this time period means rebirth? • Causes of the Renaissance • Increased Trade as a result of the Crusades • Growth of large wealth City-States • Renewed interest in Classics • Rise of Rich powerful Merchants • Desire to build beautiful and powerful Cities
Renaissance Ideas • Inspiration from the Ancients • Renewal of Ancient Literature and Philosophy • Humanism • Study of the Humanities (rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history and Latin and Greek) • Humanists encouraged individual development and accomplishment and the power of the human mind is limitless. • Focus on Human Nature • Began with Dante Alighieri and later Giovanni Boccaccio
Renaissance Ideas • Secular Writers • The Church no longer served as a source of peace and stability, people turned to a worldly belief rather than a spiritual belief. • The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione • Wrote about how the perfect gentleman or gentlewoman should act • Be Humorous and Serious • Have a knowledge of Latin and Greek • Know poetry and history • Be able to write poetry/.
Renaissance Art (Leonardo Da Vinci) Writer, Painter Inventor , engineer, mathematician and Musician. • 20,000 pages on building a tank • The Last Supper • The Mona Lisa • A flying Machine Design • Sketches of Human Anatomy
Renaissance Art (Michelangelo) Famous Sculpture The Pieta
Renaissance Art (Raphael) • Renowned painter and Architect • Most famous work the school of Athens and the Madonna
Renaissance Art (Bramante) • The Most Famous Architect of Rome. • His design for the St. Peters Basilica inspired many small churches.
Science of the Renaissance • Science & Philosophy – humanist discovered a wealth of scientific information from classical texts. Majority focused on human sciences such as history, geography, politics., new ideas about the natural world were beginning to be explored. Science is the avenue of inquiry, challenging the church’s teachings about the world.
Copernicus and Galileo • Nicholas Copernicus- Was a Polish astronomer who developed the Heliocentric Model- “The belief that the earth revolved around the sun.” This was opposed to the Geocentric Teachings (the sun moves around the earth) This was the belief held by the Church • Galileo Galilee- Italian astronomer, developed the telescope in 1609. Supported Copernicus’s Heliocentric Theory. Tried for Heresy when he challenged Pope Urban VII and put under house arrest in 1616
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE • By the 1500’s the Ideas of the Renaissance reached the North (London, Paris, Amsterdam, and German Cities)
Trading and Ideas • Trading Network of the North is dominated by the Hanseatic League (Dominated by Germany) • This trade network brought Italian Renaissance Ideas and Humanist Ideas.
Book Revolution • The Printing Press is invented by Johannes Gutenberg • Why is this important? • Made printed material faster and Cheaper • After 36 years a printing press was found as far away as Constantinople.
Erasmus (1456-1536) • Northern Philosophers combined Christian Ideas with Humanism to create Christian Humanism • This movement was led by Desiderius Erasmus a priest in the Netherlands • He argued that Christian life needed to be pure and stripped of the rituals and policies of the Catholic Church. • Began the Discontent with the Catholic Church
Sir Thomas Moore (1478-1535) • An English Humanist • Known for His book “Utopia” • Criticized the English Government and Society • Had a vision of a perfect society • The title of the book is now a common word for “an ideal society”
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) • A famous Playwright who lived in England • Humanism and Humanist topics were expressed in his plays • His plays helped spread the ideas of the Renaissance to a mass audience. • His plays focused on the lives of realistic characters
Christine de Pizan (1364-1430) • Italian born writer • Wrote about the role that women played in society • Her famous book the “City of Women” discussed different views of women and their roles in society and she championed equality and education for women.
Albrecht Durer & Jan Van Eyck • Northern European artists were influenced by Italian Renaissance artists • But their work reflected more realistic views of humanity • Albrecht Durer (German)- Used Realism and Perspective • Artist in the area of Flanders (Modern day Netherlands) used a style known as the Flemish School this style was perfected by Jan Van Eyck. Flemish School Artists focused on landscapes and domestic Life.
The Reformation • Catholicism in the 1400’s was growing and many people were disappointed with the Church especially since they believed they were straying to far from the roots of Christianity.
Problems with the Church • Financial Corruption • Abuse of Power • Decline of Respect for Monks, Priests and the Pope • Simony, Indulgences
Early Reformers • Two men, John Wycliffe from England and Jan Hus from Bohemia preached against the immorality and the problems with the church • They were arrested for Heresy and burned at the stake for defying the Church.
Martin Luther & The 95 Theses • 1517 marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation • When Martin Luther (A Catholic Monk) made public complaints about the Church • Luther in his work the 95 theses criticized the selling of indulgences and the wealth of the Pope and the Church. • He posted his Theses on the door of a Church in Wittenberg Germany
Luther’s Message • Contradiction of basic Catholic Beliefs • The Pope is not the head of the Church only Jesus is • Salvation can only be reached by faith not by good works • Christian practices and interpretations should only come from the bible • Scripture and Sermons should be in all languages, not just Latin.
Reaction to Luther • In 1520 Pope Leo excommunicated Luther and issued the Edict of Milan declaring Luther an Outlaw and his teachings/beliefs as heresy. • Lutheranism becomes a sect of Christianity and becomes a formal religion in German Kingdoms • The Holy Roman Emperor tries to abolish Lutheranism in the Empire, but Lutheran Princes create protestarios or protests to these laws. (This is where Protestantism comes from)
Spread of Protestantism As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland & other places in Europe.
Other Reformers ( John Calvin) • Reformer who was inspired by Erasmus • Preached the Doctrine of Predestination • Calvinism becomes a religion in Switzerland, France and Germany • Very Strict Religion that focused on Rules and Regulations
Other Reformers • Ulrich Zwingli- Preached about Theocracy and that rulers should be the head of their countries own religion • John Knox- Began the Presbyterian Church in Scotland • Anabaptists- Rebaptism for Adults
Protestantism Spreads to England • King Henry VIII of England is denied a Divorce and decides to break with the Catholic Church. • Henry VIII creates the Anglican Church with himself at the head • His daughter Mary I becomes Bloody May and massacres hundreds of Protestants • Elizabeth's I restores the Protestant Church to England and Persecutes
The Counter Reformation • What do you believe are the Religious and Social effects of the Reformation? • What do you believe is the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation?
The Jesuit Order • New religious order started to reform the Church. • Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
