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vehicle-to-grid Power

vehicle-to-grid Power. Amardeep Dhanju & Dr. Willett Kempton April 14, 2009 Center for Carbon-free Power Integration University of Delaware. Plug-in for charging. V2G with ISO Control. V2G taps an underutilized resource. US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d

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vehicle-to-grid Power

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  1. vehicle-to-grid Power Amardeep Dhanju & Dr. Willett Kempton April 14, 2009 Center for Carbon-free Power Integration University of Delaware

  2. Plug-in for charging

  3. V2G with ISO Control

  4. V2G taps an underutilized resource • US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d • Average daily travel = 32 miles, thus most storage unused most days • Practical power draw from car: 10 - 20 kW • US power: generation=978 GW; load=436 GW avg (EIA 2005) • US 241 million cars (FHWA 2005) x 15 kW = 3,615 GW, thus...

  5. V2G taps an underutilized resource • US car used 1 hour/day, parked 23 h/d • Average daily travel = 32 miles, thus most storage unused most days • Practical power draw from car: 10 - 20 kW • US power: generation=978 GW; load=436 GW avg (EIA 2005) • US 241 million cars (FHWA 2005) x 15 kW = 3,615 GW, thus... • Power of fleet is >3x generation; >8x load!

  6. Energy Markets

  7. Value of regulation

  8. Basic per-Vehicle Values 10 –Year Present Value V2G Revenue Potential Assumptions: 80% availability, Reg. $40/MW-h, Spin. $10/MW-h, 7% discount rate, example calculations

  9. Business case • To sell V2G, need ISO wholesale contract – 1 MW minimum • 1 MW, with extra vehicles for reliability margin, requires 200 high power vehicles (eBox, 16-19 kW) or 1,000 - 2,000 low power (e.g. GM Volt, 20 Amp or ~3 kW) • Minimum 200 for ISO trial

  10. Sequence of Markets • Initial, high-value markets, are A/S • Regulation • Spinning reserves • Later, larger markets with lower value per kW: • Defer upgrades to distribution feeders, transformers • Peak load reduction, valley filling • Power factor correction • Balancing wind, shifting solar peak

  11. MAGICC:Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Cars Consortium

  12. Mid-Atlantic Grid-Interactive Car Consortium (MAGICC) Observers • Tesla Motors • Google.org • A123 • AES Corporation • State of Delaware (PSC, Energy Office) • Anon Partners • Univ. of Delaware • PHI: Delmarva Power, Atlantic Electric, PEPCO, etc. • PJM Interconnect • AC Propulsion • ACUA • Comverge www.magicconsortium.org

  13. Current status • One vehicle working, 6 planned and funded • Procedure for utility interconnect approval- Done • Assembler is ready to build vehicles with high power and bi-directional flow capabilities

  14. AGC from ISO to Vehicle via PLC

  15. Move ISO link to server

  16. 80 AMP, 240 VAC, with Power-line carrier for IP

  17. What the ISO sees

  18. What the ISO sees

  19. EVs providing regulation

  20. V2G Aggregator(No Car Plugged-in)

  21. V2G Aggregator (Car Plugged-in)

  22. V2G Aggregator (in V2G mode)

  23. Wind and V2G

  24. Simple model of V2G for wind leveling • 220 MW offshore wind power (modelled from buoy 44009 offshore Delaware) • Leveling target at 88 MW (40% of nameplate or 14% of average DE load), equal to 8760 average output • Use storage of 1000 MWh (1 GWh) to level • Storage from just under 30,000 EVs (28,571 eBoxes), about 4% of DE fleet • Simplifying assumptions: no other end use storage, no distribution power limits, driving compromised during a few long wind lulls/year • Equivalently, 3,250 MW capacity (100% of DE electricity) and 58% of fleet

  25. January Wind

  26. January wind + V2G

  27. July Wind

  28. July wind + V2G

  29. V2G as wind leveling • Good to reduce ramp rate, fill short gaps (up to 6 hours? one day?) • Multi-day wind lulls in this model • Still need fossil or some other backup, but runs rarely • Long term solutions, non-surface or inherent storage • Half of fleet serves very roughly 100% electric -- needs model with load, etc

  30. Marketing research

  31. Ongoing marketing survey • Web-based survey • Sampling biased but close to early target market • Allows more complex tradeoffs and customization • Respondents will be chosen randomly from within the PJM service area. • Target of 1,000 respondents needed due to complex interdependencies of vehicle and V2G contract attributes

  32. Ongoing marketing survey • Potential attributes to test: • Recharging time • Range with a full charge • Range when participating in V2G contract • Purchase price • Annual fuel cost • Annual income from V2G contract • Compensate by hours plugged in, versus value to grid • Trade off between V2G revenue and being guaranteed a certain level of charge

  33. Building a Fleet

  34. Current Fleet • AC Propulsion eBoxes (one in DE, one in CA) • UD Fuel Cell Bus

  35. Fleet expansion

  36. Fleet expansion

  37. Fleet expansion • To test aggregator, need multiple vehicles • OEMs not building grid-oriented cars • DOE award cost-share matched with 2 Delaware agencies + utility • Add 4 cars in state fleet, V2G dispatch • Test software on real vehicle use • V2G market test: 200 cars (several possible partners)

  38. Summary • Large-scale CO2-free power fluctuates • Now doing individual vehicle dispatch under AGC; simple model of wind fill-in and providing regulation services • Work underway • Software for aggregator & vehicle • Market research for V2G contracts • Dispatch on small fleet (~6 cars) • Fleet for A/S contract (~200)

  39. Endmore info: www.udel.edu/V2G

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