The Civil War

1. The Civil War 1861 - 1865

2. Relative Strengths Northern Advantages • More $$$: better economy • 70% wealth • Conf. $$$ worth less than 2 cents by 1865 • RR: 75% (20,000 mls. vs. 9,000) • Industry: 90% • Organized navy, army, & gov’t • Population: 22 mil. vs. 9 mil (3.5 mil slaves) • Farmland: 65% & More mineral deposits • # of States: 23 vs. 11 • Disadvantage? Poor commanders

3. The Anaconda Plan **Anaconda Plan: W. Scott, BlockadeSouthern coast -Control MS River & split South in ½ by marching to coast after Atlanta Capture Richmond (capital) **Union blockade ineffective for first 1 ½ years; South got supplies from EUR although BR afraid of losing N. grain shipments -40% of men were 21 & younger

4. Relative Strengths of the South Southern Advantages (War of Attrition) • Area – familiar soil • Moral Reasons – defend homes & families & independence • Qualified Officers – strong military tradition, better officers • Strategy – Defensive fighting • -Doesn’t take as many men to fight a defensive war • No fighting in the winter (Apr-Oct) • Quick victories • Wait for North to tire • One offensive push into MD & PA to split the Union • Better Soldiers • Disadvantages? Weak economy, poor transportation systems & states’ rights (!)

5. Campaign for European Intervention • European powers thought an American Civil War would weaken the U.S.’s power in the Western Hemisphere • Foreign Aid – diplomacy is key for both sides • “Cotton is King” – BR more dependent on Northern wheat • Egyptian cotton readily obtained • Trent Affair – Mason & Slidell (off coast of Cuba) • Capt. Wilkes removes Southern diplomats from ship • Almost provokes Union-BR war • Charles Francis Adams • “the Alabama” (Claims) – Captured over 60 Union vessels until defeated off the coast of Cherbourg • Effective against Union shipping • Promotes goodwill w/GB • reparations from GB • Violated internat’l law & Neutrality • Met in Geneva, Switzerland • U.S. was paid $15.5 mil • *Laird Rams

6. Home Front • Lincoln’s Arbitrary Power: • *writ of habeas corpus” – Used in MD • Suspected secessionists jailed w/o charges or trials • Conscription (draft): N relies mainly on volunteers but does eventually have a draft • *”bounty jumpers” • hiring a substitute - $300 • South exempts 1 overseer for every 20 slaves • anti-draft riots (July, 1863) – NY; Worried about free blacks taking their jobs (117 killed) • Morrill Tariff Act (1861) – Increased tariffs • 1st income tax

7. Home Front • National Banking System – Uniform currency • First step toward a unified banking system since 1836 **Civil War actually made the N. economy stronger & more prosperous! (only foreign shipping really suffered) • “shoddy millionaires” • 13th Amendment (1865) – Ended slavery • 2/3 Cong. Majority • Freed 3 mil. slaves • **bread riot – Richmond (shortage of food & consumer goods) • **Confiscation Acts – Take “property” of those who “supported” the rebellion • *contraband - Slaves Lincoln and his Cabinet

8. Miscellaneous • Napoleon III – Violates Monroe Doctrine in MX by trying to install Emp. Maximilian • U.S. threatens to send soldiers to force FR to leave • Emancipation Proclamation – Effective Jan. 1, 1863, Freed slaves in rebelling states only • Issued after “victory” at Antietam • Blacks can now enlist in Union army • Strengthens moral cause & N. diplomacy (appeals to Eur. working-class) but doesn’t please everyone: • Some opposed to “abolition war” • Causes increase in Union deserters • Abolitionists felt it didn’t do enough • 13th Amendment abolishes slavery completely in U.S. • Clement Vallandigham – Copperhead • Banished to Confederacy • Ran for gov. of Ohio while living in Canada

9. Miscellaneous • **Arlington National Cemetery • **Jefferson Davis – Held in Ft. Monroe for 2 yrs. (70 soldiers on duty to watch) • **Firsts – Repeating rifles • Draft • Electrically exploded bombs • Ironclad ships (Merrimack threatens Union blockade) • Ironclads make wooden navies obsolete • “Taps” • Army ambulance corps

10. Battles, Leaders & Others • North named battles for water & South for towns • Sally Tompkins – Ran Richmond infirmary & awarded rank of Capt. by J. Davis • Clara Barton- “Angel of the Battlefield” • **Thaddeus Lowe- Balloonist • Air surveillance • Most shot at man in the war • Bull Run – Manassas Junction • Lincoln hoped for a victory & capture of Richmond • Union forces routed • S. victory actually decreased enlistments • Union loss brought about reality of a long, difficult war • Stonewall Jackson • “Picnickers” Prof. Lowe ascending in the Intrepid to observe the Battle of Fair Oaks

11. Battles, Leaders & Others New Union strategy: naval blockade, undermining CSA economy, take control of MS river & capture Richmond Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton (left) • Stonewall Jackson – died at Chancellorsville • left arm amputated & then pneumonia • Lee: “Jackson has lost his left arm & I have lost my right.” • **Matthew Brady – Photographer • Pinkerton’s – Detective agency • Robert E. Lee

12. Battles, Leaders & Others • Monitor v. Merrimac – VA, 4 hrs. • Antietam – “Bloodiest day” • Sharpsburg • Sept. 1862 • 12 hrs.  24,000 died • Plans found around cigar • McClellan stops S. advance but does not pursue & is fired for always being too cautious (always thinks he is outnumbered!) • Likely halted BR and FR intervention on behalf of CSA • 54th Massachusetts – Black unit, 16 get Medal of Honor • 50% casualties • After war many go west &Indians call them “buffalo soldiers” • Blacks accounted for 10% of Union army • Ft. Pillow – Those who surrendered were massacred • African Americans who served in the C.W. fought bravely but suffered heavy casualties • Burnsides – Pontoon bridges, Lost at Fredericksburg • Hooker – Badly beaten at Chancellorsville

13. Battles, Leaders & Others

14. Battles, Leaders & Others • Gettysburg – Meade defeats Lee in 1863 • Lee invades to try to strengthen the N. peace movement w/ a big victory on Union soil • Turning pt. – now S. cause is doomed • Lee’s 17 ml. ambulance train • Jenny Wade • Needed 40,000 pair of shoes • 2% of pop. died in this conflict; today that would be 5 ½ mil (2002) • Atlanta – capture of the city helped Lincoln get re-elected (1864) • Grant – At Cold Harbor Union soldiers • pinned papers on themselves with their names & addresses • 7000 died in a few hours • After Lincoln’s assassination, the North wanted to change the surrender terms & Grant threatened to resign unless the terms were honored (this was w/Lee)

15. Gettysburg The only known photo of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg (seated, center), taken about noon, just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours before he spoke.

16. Battles, Leaders & Others • Farragut – “Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!” • Vicksburg – Gives control of MS River to North • Reopens MS River to N. trade • Combined w/ victory at Gettysburg, increases morale for N (also dooms European help for S) • Quieted N. peace agitators • Cut off supply of cattle & goods from TX & LA • 7 wk. siege • Sherman – Command to march thru & make “Georgia howl” • “Total war” – destroys rr tracks, burns fields, & destroys everything useful (food crops, etc.) • “The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over.” • S. enlists slaves in army one month before war’s end • Appomattox – Grant & Lee • Grant: “Stop firing, they are our countrymen again.”

17. Vicksburg

18. Appomattox Court House

19. Lincoln’s Assassination

20. Remembering Lincoln “Now he belongs to the ages”

21. Terms • *riffraff • *siege • *Copperheads