Progressivism

1. Progressivism

2. Origins • The Puritans – Community spirit, town meeting, religious freedom • Jefferson – America unites to become free and democratic, involve citizens • Jackson – “Common Man”, universal suffrage • Populism – Grass roots, “People Power”

3. The Roots • Religious movements – • Women’s movement • The Press • Urban Middle Class

4. Who were the Progressives? • Middle-class- Professionals • YMCA, YWCA, Salvation Army - Religious teaching • Social Work- Settlement Houses • Media – Journalists “ muckrakers”

5. Philosophy – Government is GOOD • To improve conditions for workers and the poor • The System is “flawed” and inherently unfair – fix it • Eliminate social injustices • push for legal reforms • streamline government

6. Protecting Social Welfare • Social Gospel & Settlement Houses - Hull House • Salvation Army • Florence Kelley • Illinois Factory Act (1893)

7. Promoting Moral Reform • Prohibition • WCTU – Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (Temperance NOT Prohibition)

8. Creating Economic Reform • More government control/regulation • NOT socialism but Social Activism • Muckrakers

9. Fostering Efficiency • Scientific Management • Assembly Line

10. Voter Reform • Direct Primaries • Caucuses • Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot) • Initiative • Referendum • Recall

11. Local Reform • Commissions instead of city councils • Council-manager • People elect a council • Council appoints a manager

12. State Reform • Merit, not Patronage • Regulate large businesses including railroads, mines, mills, telephone companies • Compensation for work accidents

13. Causes and Effects of the Progressive Movement CAUSES Political Social Economic Laws protecting workers Settlement houses and social work Birth control for women Beginning of civil rights movement for African --Americans Party primaries Split in Republican party, 1912 Decline of machine politics Votes for women Conservation of land and water Regulation of business Lower tariffs Reformed banking system Federal income tax Growthof Cities GrowthofIndustry THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT EFFECTS

14. Popular Support for Progressives Religion Press Founding of Socialist Party Municipal Reform State Reform

15. Religion • Progressives believed in the “social gospel,” in which churches worked to aid workers and the poor. • Religious associations such as the YMCA, YWCA, and Salvation Army were formed to help people adjust to city life. • Churches established settlement houses that distributed food and clothing. • In 1908 twenty-seven Protestant churches formed the Federal council of the Churches of Christ. They favored a living wage, one day of rest in seven, safer working conditions, and the abolition of child labor and of sweatshops

16. Press • Magazines, such as McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, and TheLadies’ Home Journal, had many readers and increased the power of the press. • Muckrakers, a term introduced by Theodore Roosevelt, were journalists who exposed social wrongs. • Lincoln Steffens focused on links between big business and crooked politicians. • Ida Tarbell wrote about Standard Oil’s methods of eliminating competition. • Ray Stannard Baker exposed railroad stock swindles. • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle focused on the meat packing industry.

17. Founding of Socialist Party 1901: The Socialist party was founded by Eugene V. Debs and others who wanted to eliminate private ownership of the means of production. This event caused the Progressives to try to make government more responsive to social problems.

18. Municipal Reform • Reform mayors built schools, set up work relief systems, and appointed honest men to city jobs. • By 1913 several hundred communities had adopted a council-manager form of government. The council made laws and appointed a manager to run city departments. • By 1914 several hundred states had adopted a commission form of government. A board composed of commissioners, each of whom handled a different city department, made city government more efficient.

19. State Reform • Robert La Follette, governor of Wisconsin from 1900 to 1906, raised taxes on railroad properties and set up a railroad commission to regulate rates. • In 1913 the Seventeenth Amendment provided for the popular election of senators. • By 1914 popular opinion had brought about state laws such as the prohibition of child employment, limited workdays for adults, and workers’ compensation for injured employees. • By 1916 all but three states had adopted the direct primary, in which voters choose the candidates.

20. Education Horace Mann (1830’s) Care for the Mentally Ill Dorothea Dix

21. Temperance Movement • Lyman Beecher – minister, lectured against alcohol in 1825 • 1826 American Temperance Society • Within a few years more than a 1000 local temperance societies sprung up across the country

22. Women in the Work Force • 1900 – 25% of women worked • 25% of these women worked in manufacturing • 40% of tobacco industry was women • Important role on farms • Domestic Work

23. Women in the Reform Movement • Middle & Upper Class women’s clubs • Grimke Sisters – From S.C., abolitionist, education for women • Women were not allowed at the 1840 World’s Anti-Slavery Convention • Seneca Falls – “Declaration of Sentiments” on Declaration of Independence

24. Sarah & Angelina Grimke

26. Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois VS

27. Civil Rights Movement • Dubois (NAACP) Demanded complete equality for blacks • Washington (Tuskegee Institute) Thought the best way was for a gradual equality; racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value

28. Tuskegee Institute • George Campbell & Lewis Adams founded • Washington was the Principal from July 4, 1881 till 1915 when he died

29. Niagara Movement 1905 DuBois Policy of Protest and Action NAACP 1909 Nothing Less than complete equality Middle-class black lawyers that fought racism in the courts

30. National Urban League Mission Statement - enable African Americans to secure economic self-reliance, power and civil rights Strategy is to educate the youth

31. Migration • Deteriorating race relations in the South • Destruction of their cotton crop by boll weevil • Opportunities in Northern Factories

32. President TeddyRoosevelt

33. Teddy Roosevelt: • Government should assume control whenever states proved incapable of dealing with problems • President “of the people” so he should do whatever necessary to help the people, give them a “Square Deal” • Bully pulpit

34. 1902 Coal Strike Strike was due to the Owner – George Baer, refusing to negotiate “God Given Right/Wealth” Workers wanted better wages/8 hour work day • Roosevelt threatened to take over mines • Both sides agreed to an arbitration commission • 10% increase, 9-hour day, no union, no strike for 3 years • Sent new trend of federal government intervening • Progressive belief that disputes could be settled in an orderly way with the help of experts

35. Regulating Trusts • 1900, trusts controlled 4/5 of industries • 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act • “Good” & “Bad” trusts • Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits

36. Regulating TransportationInterstate Commerce Act (1887) • Elkins Act (1903) – Illegal for railroad officials to receive or give rebates. Had to notify public before changing a set rate. • Hepburn Act (1906) – Limited free railroad passes. ICC could set maximum railroad rates.

37. Protecting Health • Pure Food and Drug Administration Act stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines. Called for accurate labeling of foods. • Meat Inspection Act – meatpackers must clean up their act

39. Conservation • T.R. did not see resources as unlimited • No Christmas trees in the White House • 50 Wildlife sanctuaries & several national parks • NEPA - requires federal agencies to study and disclose the environmental effects of their actions and to include the public in their decision-making. • What evidence of conservation do we see locally???

40. Yosemite

42. U.S. National Forests and Grasslands

43. National and State Parks and Forests

45. Gifford Pinchot • First U.S. Forester under T.R. & Taft • Some wilderness should be preserved while other land is used for wisely for the common good of man

48. William Howard Taft

49. Taft • Busted 90 trusts (T.R. 44) • Mann Elkins Act - Extended Federal Government’s right to oversee (regulation) telephone and telegraph cable companies. • Payne Aldrich Tariff lowered only a few tariffs. Progressive saw this as betrayal.