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Periodic Table

Periodic Table. CHEM 210 History of Chemistry. Dr. V. Vilchiz Spring 2014. What?. Organization Chemical Properties Group A v Group B Atomic Mass Atomic Number Electron Configuration. What?. Element Discovery There were known elements Au, Ag, Pb, Hg, Fe, Sn, Cu (as seen last week)

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Periodic Table

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  1. Periodic Table CHEM 210 History of Chemistry Dr. V. Vilchiz Spring 2014

  2. What? • Organization • Chemical Properties • Group A v Group B • Atomic Mass • Atomic Number • Electron Configuration

  3. What? • Element Discovery • There were known elements • Au, Ag, Pb, Hg, Fe, Sn, Cu (as seen last week) • Scientific Inquiry • “first” element discovered = P in 1649 by Hennig Brand • by 1869 a total of 63 elements are known • Classification • Identification of patterns in properties

  4. Who? • Antoine Lavoisier- • list of Elements Late 1700’s • Johann Dobereiner • Law of Triads- 1829 • Nature contained Triads of Elements (Cl, Br, I; Li, K, Na) • Middle Element on Triad had properties average of the other 2 • Gmelin and others extended this work and noticed that there were more than “Triads” F was added to the Halogens.

  5. Who? Beguyer de Chancourtois “First Periodic Table”-1862 Cylinder with elements in order of AW 16 “amu” per cylinder turn Group elements aligned vertically Allows the prediction of some oxides MxOy Included some ions John Newlands Law of Octaves- 1863 Atomic mass of “similar” elements differed by multiple of 8 56 elements broken into 11 groups

  6. Newland’s Octave Chart

  7. Father of the PT • Lothar Meyer – 1864 • Publishes a book with a partial PT • Half known elements are included • 1868 produces a “complete” table • Submitted for evaluation and published in 1870 • William Odling • Produced a PT similar to Mendeleev • Some features that Mendeleev got wrong • Dmitri Mendeleev • Published his PT in 1869

  8. An early Sketch of Mendeleev’s Periodic Chart

  9. Mendeleev Born in Tobol’sk Siberia in 1834 Disliked the classical languages Denied admission for unexceptional academic background University of Moscow St. Petersburg University Admitted to St. Petersburg Institute MS 1856 Professor of Chemistry 1860 St. Petersburg University

  10. Mendeleev Professor of Chemistry “Principles of Chemistry” last edition (13th) published in 1947 Families of elements Halogens Alkali Metals Alkali Earth metals Transition metals did not fit some of these families Develops a “new” system of organization Published in 1869 On the Relationship of the Properties of the Elements to their Atomic Weights

  11. Actual Periodic Chart Published in 1869

  12. The Mendeleev Chart Benefits of this table? Related elements to: Triads Groups Periods General Trends “Fixed” what was known of some elements Beryllium’s mass was accepted as 14 amu’s Mendeleev “fixed” it to 9 which moved the element to group II

  13. The Mendeleev Chart • Of 63 elements Mendeleev “fixed” 17 of them. ~25% • The chart left space open for elements not yet discovered (10 of them) • 7 were eventually discovered • Mendeleev Predicted the properties of the elements not yet discovered • Most of these predictions were accurate

  14. Updated Chart after discovery noble gases and other elements

  15. The Mendeleev Chart • Flaws? • Predicting 3 elements that do not exist • AW 45, 146, 175 • Using Atomic Weight as the reason to periodicity • We did not know anything about Quantum Numbers • Nobel Prize? • Missed the NP in 1906 by 1 vote… • Winner: Henri Moissan for discovery of F2

  16. Additions/Modification Argon Discovered by John William Strutt in 1895 3rd Baron (Lord) Rayleigh NP Physics in 1904 for Ar and work on Gas Density Discovered “Rayleigh” Scattering Explains why the “sky is blue” Chemically Inert Does not fit on Mendeleev’s Chart William Ramsay Create a new family and group with He NP Chemistry 1904 for discovery of the Inert Gases

  17. Periodicity and Beyond • Ernest Rutherford • 1911 Publish and explain nuclear charge • Antonius van den Broek • 1911 Proposed the “Atomic Number” • 1913 Henry Mosley publish experimental evidence • Frederick Soddy • Introduces the notion of Isotopes in 1913 • PT cannot depend on AW because of the existence of Isotopes

  18. Periodic Law • NielsBorh • Electron Shell Structure • Gilbert N. Lewis (nominated for NP 35 times) • Discovery of the Bond • Lewis Dot Symbols • Lewis Dot Structures • Johann Rydberg • Emission Spectra • Erwin Schrodinger- NPPhys1933 • Quantum numbers and wave functions

  19. Seaborg • Glenn Seaborg- NPChem 1951 • Discovered Plutonium in 1940 and 9 other elements • His group also discovered 100+ isotopes • Gives rise to the transuranic elements • Redesigns the periodic table • Element 106 named in his honor • Seaborgium- Sg • Naming Dispute • Naming an element after a living person

  20. IUPAC • Official Naming of elements is Adopted IUPAC • International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry • Membership $35 • The group that discovers the new element proposes a name • Controversy? • Who discovered the element first? • See Rutherfordium vs Seaborgium • Named after Cities, Countries, Continents, People • IUPAC would prefer non-living people

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