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Enlightenment & Revolution

Enlightenment & Revolution. Enlightenment. “ Age of Reason” Philosophical movement in the 18 th century. Rejection of traditional social, religious, & political ideas. Emphasis on rationalism & individuality. Philosophes. Social critics in France during the 1700s Met in salons

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Enlightenment & Revolution

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  1. Enlightenment & Revolution

  2. Enlightenment • “Age of Reason” • Philosophical movement in the 18th century. • Rejection of traditional social, religious, & political ideas. • Emphasis on rationalism & individuality.

  3. Philosophes • Social critics in France during the 1700s • Met in salons • Influenced by England

  4. Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations (1776) • Economist: pro-capitalist • Gov shouldn’t regulate—Laissez-Faire • Defines economics in three “natural laws” • Productive when “self-motivated” • Competition = Balanced marketplace • Supply/Demand are product of free trade

  5. Thomas Hobbes • English Philosopher – writes Leviathan (1651) • Man is evil • Strong gov (Absolute) • People have no rights • No right to rebel • Social Contract • Give up certain rights=order in society

  6. John Locke • English –Two Treatises of Government (1690) & Declaration of Rights of Man (1690) • Against absolute rule • Self-government by people • Men are born equal and free • Natural Rights • Gov should protect rights • If they don’t = Revolution

  7. Jean Jacques Rousseau • Swiss-Frenchman • The Social Contract (1762) • Individual freedom of people • Direct Democracy • Also used Social Contract • Inspired French Rev

  8. Voltaire • Candide(1759) • Fought for religious freedom and freedom of speech

  9. Montesquieu • French nobleman –The Spirit of Laws (1748) • Separation of Powers (Checks & Balances) • England’s System of Government • King/Ministers – Executive Power • Parliament – Legislative Power • Judges – Judicial Power • Idea later became basis for the US Constitution

  10. CasareBeccaria • Italian, On Crimes and Punishments(1764) • Speak out in favor of fair and just punishments (No brutality) • People have the right to: • Fair & speedy trial • Not be tortured • No capital punishment.

  11. Mary Wollstonecraft • English woman • A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) • Same rights as men • Education

  12. Enlightened Despots • Kings or queens who rule with Enlightenment ideals • Frederick the Great • Maria Theresa • Joseph II of Austria • Catherine the Great

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