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Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap- Presentation on Energy Storage, Portable Batteries, State-of- the-Art Overview

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Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap- Presentation on Energy Storage, Portable Batteries, State-of- the-Art Overview

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    1. Soldier Systems Technology Roadmap- Presentation on Energy Storage, Portable Batteries, State-of- the-Art Overview

    2. Background and scope Brief background on portable batteries Primary (non-rechargeable), secondary (rechargeable). Low-rate (bobbin), high-rate (spirally-wound or flat-plate). Size and shape: AA, C and D-size cylindrical cells and sub-sizes of these. Prismatic cells and batteries (eg 9V alkaline batteries). Pouch cells (aluminised plastic bag). Unique military battery packs (eg BA-521, BB-2590) Chemistry: Aqueous: Zn/MnO2 (alkaline), Zn-air, Ni-metal hydride. Non-aqueous: Li-ion, Li/SO2, Li/MnO2, Li/CFx (carbon monofluoride), Li-air. Scope of the discussion Possible battery technologies to replace existing ones.

    3. Why is energy storage essential to the DS? The modern soldier is using an increasing number of devices that require electrical power (eg laser aiming sights, night vision, GPS). This power must be provided by batteries, fuel cells, or thermoelectrics etc. The role of batteries The DSS could consist of a fuel cell/battery hybrid, where the fuel cell provides a constant background power to the battery and the single battery provides power to all of the devices via a power manager. The DSS could also use just a centralised battery, which is removed for recharging, possibly by a fuel cell. Drawback: unwieldy for devices such as weapon sights.

    4. Constraints for Soldier-Level Application Weight (gravimetric energy density, Wh/kg): Advanced batteries have higher energy densities than older types, but the soldier is now carrying more batteries because of more electronic devices. Safety: Advanced batteries often contain flammable materials, such as lithium metal and organic solvents, which make them dangerous to bullet or shrapnel penetration etc. Perhaps better to use several small batteries in the DSS rather than one large one?

    5. In production (selected systems) Rechargeable cells Aqueous Nickel-metal hydride (various sizes), higher capacity than NiCd; now improved self-discharge rate; operates +55 to -20oC Non-aqueous Lithium-ion (18650, various sizes) where the Co in LiCoO2 has been replaced by two or more metals (eg Mn:Ni:Co at 1/3,1/3,1/3). safer than LiCoO2 with overcharging operates +60oC to -30oC Lithium-ion with LiFePO4 (26650, various sizes) safe with overcharging higher resistance than LiMO2 , but the use of nano-particles of LiFePO4 and a carbon coating has enabled high rate batteries operates +60oC to -30oC

    6. In production (selected systems) Primary cells Aqueous Zn/air (non-standard sizes), low rate because limited by oxygen diffusion into the cell, operates +60oC to -20oC. Non-aqueous Li/FeS2 (AA, AAA), unlike alkaline this is high-rate format, operates down to -20oC. Li/SO2 (various sizes), operates +70oC to -40oC. Li/MnO2 (various sizes), operates +70oC to -30oC. What researchers are working on now (selected systems) Li-air (primary) Li/CFx (primary) Ni-Zn (aqueous, rechargeable) Li-ion

    7. What is currently being done in Canada? R&D Li/CFx : reduce resistance of CFx for higher rates and scale-up to D-size (Eagle Picher Energy Products, Surrey, BC). Li-ion: new materials for positives and negatives, gel-polymer electrolytes, non-flammable electrolytes (Dalhousie U.; Electrovaya, Mississauga, ON; Hydro-Québec, Montréal; NRC, Ottawa; E-one Moli Energy, Maple Ridge, BC) Ni: nano-particles of Ni(OH)2 (INCO, ON) LiFePO4 : improved conductivity (Phostech, QC) Production EPEP: Li/SO2, Li/MnO2, (Li/CFx), cells and military battery packs. Electrovaya: Li-ion gel-polymer cells and prototype battery packs. E-one Moli: Li-ion cells (moving to Taiwan?)

    8. Vision for next 5-7 years for Portable Batteries Primary Li/CFx : High capacity, high rate cells developed. Metal-air: Zn/air is already in use as a low rate system (BA-8180) and Mg/air is in development, but the ultimate couple in this series is Li/air. Being developed in the US but there are large difficulties to overcome due to the reactivity of Li metal with moisture in the air. Possible hybrid with a supercapacitor. Rechargeable Li-ion: Safer batteries developed, using less- or non-flammable electrolytes. The carbon negative electrode will be replaced by a safer, higher capacity material. New positive materials. Lithium metal rechargeable batteries may be developed, but these would likely use a solid polymer electrolyte that would have poor conductivity at temperatures below +20oC.

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