Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13

2. What is gerund(Present Participle)? • Gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." Gerunds are often used when actions are real, fixed, or completed. "I enjoy cooking.“ A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund. - Add ing to most verbs. Ex. play > playing, cry > crying, bark > barking. - For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing. Ex: slide > sliding, ride > riding - For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing. Ex: die > dying, tie > tying

3. - For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is stressed, double the last letter before adding ing. Ex: beg > begging, begin > beginning. - However: enter > entering (last syllable is not stressed) • Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject: • Jogging is a hobby of mine. • Gerunds can act as an object following the verb: • Daniel quit smoking a year ago. • Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition: • I look forward to helping you paint the house.

4. The simple or basic form of the verb, as come, take, eat, be, used after auxiliary verbs, as in I didn't come, He must be, or this simple form preceded by a function word, as to in I want to eat. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb soan infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work. What is infinitive ?

5. Infinitives can be used as: 1)an object following the verb: - Jim always forgets to eat 2)a subject at the beginning of a sentence: -To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money. 3)an adverb modifying a verb: -You promised to buy me a diamond ring. 4)an adjective modifying a noun: -Tara has the ability to succeed. 5)Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive: - Do you want to call your family now? 6)Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive: - I convinced Catherine to become vegetarian. - He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.

6. Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in meaning: • Begin – continue – hate – intend – like – love - prefer start - Will you continue working after you give birth? • Will you continue to work after you give birth? - Some people prefer getting up early in the morning. - Some people prefer to get up early in the morning

7. Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in meaning • Forget – remember - stop - He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.) • He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.) • He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax) • He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)

8. Reference Lists – Gerunds and Infinitives

9. List of common verbs and phrases that are followed by a gerund • Admit – advise – avoid - be used to -can’t help- can’t stand– consider – deny – discuss – dislike - end up Enjoy - feel like – finish – forget - get used to - give up go on - have difficulty - have problems - have trouble Imagine -it’s no use - it’s worthwhile – keep - look forward to-mention – mind – miss – recommend – remember - quit spend time – stop – suggest – understand -waste time -work at

10. List of common verbs are followed by an infinitive • Afford – agree – appear – arrange – ask – care -decide demand – expect – fail – forget – hope – learn - manage mean – offer – plan – prepare – pretend – promise - refuse remember – seem – stop – volunteer – wait – want - wish List of common verbs that are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive Advise – allow – ask – cause – challenge – command convince – expect – forbid – force – hire – instruct – invite order – pay – permit – program – remind – teach – tell urge – want - warn

11. Go + Gerund List There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual recreational activities. List of Go + Gerund Combinations Examples: I go swimming every weekend. Would you ever go skydiving?

13. Using by and with to express how something is done BYIS USED FOR MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONby (air)plane, by subway (by underground, by tube), by mail, by air, by boat, by taxi, by (tele)phone, by land, by bus, by train, by fax, by sea, by car, by foot (on foot), by e-mail • OTHERSby chance, by choice, by mistake, by check (but in cash), by credit card, by hand (The expression by hand is usually used to mean that something was made by a person, not by a machine.)

14. WITH IS USED FOR INSTRUMENTS OR PARTS OF THE BODYI cut down the tree with an ax (by using an ax).I swept the floor with broom.She pointed to a spot on the map with her finger.I touched his shoulder with my hand. - I cut down the tree with my axe .

15. Expressing Purpose • Purpose with to, in order to and so as to • Use to , so as to, and in order toto express purpose in the affirmative form. • Examples: • He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money. • She wakes up early in order to be on time to work. • They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife.

16. To-infinitive can be used to express purpose - I'm calling to place an order for delivery. • Diva went to the door to open it. • To pass this test, you need to achieve a score of 60% or more. • In order and so as can be used before a to-infinitive for emphasis in more formal styles: - He took a book with him in order to have something to read on the train. - The parties started negotiations so as to reach an agreement as soon as possible. - In order to attract a wider audience, we need to rethink our marketing strategy.

17. To + infinitive and for + verb-ing • To express purposeGloria Fulvia from Italy writes: • Do I say Schools are for learning or Schools are to learn? I would like to know the grammar of to + infinitive and for + -ingform when I'm talking about purpose. I greatly appreciate your explanation. Thanks.

18. for or( to + infinitive): individual purposeFor is commonly used with nouns to express individual purpose: • I popped into the supermarket for some apples on the way home.(Not: I popped into the supermarket for buying some apples…) • I stopped by at his office for a chat about our marketing strategy.(Not: I stopped by at his office for having a chat about marketing.) • I decided I would save up for a new computer.(NOT: I decided I would save up for buying a new computer.)

19. For + verb-ing: the purpose of an object • However, if we are talking about the purpose of an object or an action, we normally use the for + verb-ing pattern. Note that this pattern commonly answers the question: What are they (used) for? Compare the following: • Schools are for educating children not for entertaining them. • Schools are for learning. Life is for living. • This kitchen knife is especially useful for slicing vegetables.

20. What's this for? ~ It's for opening oysters. It's much better than a knife. • What's this fifty pound note for? ~ It's for buying food for the weekend. Note that when the subject of the sentence is a person rather than the thing described, the to + infinitive pattern is also possible: • I use this small knife to slice vegetables with. • I use this gadget to open shellfish with.

21. in order to / so as to • Note that, as an alternative to + infinitive, we might use in order to, or so as to, to express individual purpose when we want to be more formal or explicit about the reason for doing something. All of these structures answer the question: Why…?. Compare the following: - I went to bed early in order to get enough sleep before the exam. - After four weeks of exams, I went to the seaside to rest. - After all those exams, I went to the seaside so as to have a good rest.

22. For + noun – used to express purpose – We went out for a pizza. • for + -ing – used to express purpose and/or function of something – This function on the air conditioner is for reducing humidity. • to + infinitive; David went out to buy a bottle of wine. • in order to/so as to + infinitive (formal); We were asked to say over in order to finish

23. TOO + ADJECTIVE + INFINITIVE PHRASE • Too expresses that something is inadequate (below what is desirable) or excessive (above what is desirable). The expression is complemented by an infinitive. • Jill is too young to drive. (She cannot / may not drive.) • The car is too complex for her to drive. (She cannot drive it.) • The driving test is too difficult for her to pass. (She cannot pass it.)

24. ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE PHRASE • Enough expresses that something is adequate, within what is desirable. The expression is complemented by an infinitive. The infinitive may include a subject introduced by for. [for her] to do. - Jill is old enough to drive. (She can / may drive.) - The car is simple enough for her to drive. (She can drive it.) - The driving test is easy enough for her to pass. (She can pass it.)

25. Enough After Adjectives And Adverbs • We usually use enough after adjectives and adverbs. Let's see the following examples. • He didn't get the job because he wasn't old enough. (not 'enough old') • We won't be rich if we don't work hard enough. • She's not old enough to work in the factory. Enough Before Nouns • We also can put enough before a noun. Let's see the following examples. • I don't have enough money to buy the car. • We just have three eggs for a week. We don't have enough eggs. • Please put enough salt into the soup!