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2. Darwin found fossil remains of several extinct species in South America. He considered the fossils to be evidence that A. numerous catastrophic events had occurred.B. acquired characteristics are inherited.C. the species composition of the planet had changed over time.D. all life forms are immortal.E. horses and sloths were closely related. 

3. C. the species composition of the planet had changed over time.

4. In his observations of the tortoises on the Galápagos Islands, Darwin concluded that A. long-necked tortoises acquired their long necks by stretching to reach vegetation.B. those tortoises were not related to tortoises on the mainland.C. each island species was derived from a different mainland ancestor.D. where vegetation was sparse, long-necked tortoises were favored because they could reach higher to get their food.E. short-necked tortoises had resulted because of spontaneous generation.

5. D. where vegetation was sparse, long-necked tortoises were favored because they could reach higher to get their food.

6. . Which of the following is NOT a main point in Darwin's theory? A. Inherited variations exist.B. All organisms have far less reproductive potential than first thought.C. There is a constant struggle for existence.D. Adaptive traits will be perpetuated in subsequent generations.E. Organisms produce more offspring than resources can support.

7. B. All organisms have far less reproductive potential than first thought.

8. A/An __________ is a characteristic that increases an organism's (or species') potential to successfully reproduce in a particular environment. A. accommodationB. adaptationC. alleleD. traitE. inherent variation

9. B. adaptation

10. Daily Double!!!! . The theory of uniformitarianism was based on the idea that the forces that shaped the earth included A. special creation.B. gravitational forces.C. catastrophic events.D. geologic uplift.E. planetary interactions.

11. D. geologic uplift.

12. Two distantly related species should have ______ differences in their DNA and protein sequences. A. similarB. fewC. a random numberD. manyE. no

13. C. a random number

14. An animal's __________ includes all of the biotic and abiotic characteristics of the area in which the animal lives.  A. habitat B. tolerance range C. territory D. optimum range E. geography

15. A. habitat

16. When an abiotic factor is out of the range of tolerance for an animal, it becomes a/an  A. acclimation factor. B. limiting factor. C. activity repressor. D. niche suppressor. E. existence criterion. 

17. B. limiting factor.

18. The population size that a particular environment can support is called  A. biotic potential. B. environmental capability. C. J-selective. D. C-selective. E. carrying capacity.

19. E. carrying capacity.

20. __________ are animals that kill and eat other organisms.  A. Herbivores B. Predators C. Producers D. Commensals E. Mutualists 

21. B. Predators

22. Organisms that carry on photosynthesis or other carbon-fixing activities are called A. autotrophs. B. heterotrophs. C. frugivores. D. trophophores. E. herbivores.

23. A. autotrophs.

24. Which of the following type of organisms would have the greatest amount of energy available to them? A. heterotrophs B. carnivores C. trophiphores D. granivores E. autotrophs

25. E. autotrophs

26. Animals that are brightly colored to warn away potential predators are said to have  A. camouflage coloration. B. countershaded coloration. C. aposematic coloration. D. aestival coloration. E. ecotonal coloration.

27. C. aposematic coloration.

28. In many cases, predator and prey organisms evolve together and exert a strong selective influence on each other. This is known as  A. transspecific evolution. B. intraspecific evolution. C. density independent evolution. D. coevolution. E. interevolution.

29. D. coevolution.

30. .In a parasitic relationship, the __________ host is the host that harbors the sexual stage of the parasite.  A. definitive B. intermediate C. secondary D. commensal E. phoretic

31. A. definitive

32. A symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or in another organism and derives nourishment from that organism (and harms the host) is called A. mutualism. B. parasitism. C. commensalism. D. predation. E. herbivory.

33. B. parasitism.

34. A symbiotic relationship in which one member derives a benefit from the association and the second member is unaffected is called  A. mutualism. B. parasitism. C. commensalism. D. predation. E. herbivory.

35. C. commensalism.

36. All populations living in an area make up a/an  A. community. B. ecosystem. C. habitat. D. niche. E. species.

37. A. community.

38. The final community in a succession is called the __________ community. A. climax B. primary C. secondary D. seral E. dominant

39. A. climax

40. .An interconnected system of food chains is called a/an  A. food pyramid. B. multiple trophic system. C. layered system. D. food web. E. ecosystem. Daily Double!!!!

41. D. food web.

42. The sequence of organisms through which energy moves is a  A. food pyramid. B. linked chain. C. climax community. D. diet. E. food chain.

43. E. food chain.

44. Any element that is essential for life is a A. sediment. B. biomass. C. nutrient. D. life component. E. necessity.

45. C. nutrient.

46. Matter moves through ecosystems in  A. biogeochemical cycles. B. living systems only. C. flows that eventually end in a sump. D. sediments. E. streams.

47. A. biogeochemical cycles.

48. Currently the human population of the earth is about __________ people.  A. 6 billion B. 500 million C. 10.8 billion D. 100 billion E. 250 million

49. A. 6 billion

50.  63. We have identified aboutmillion species on earth; of these species are animals. a. 2.4, ¾ b. 1.4, 2/4 c. 1, ¾ d. 1.4, 3/4