Age of the Reformation II

1. Age of the Reformation II Luther and Erasmus: The reformation begins

2. Martin Luder Ludher Lutter Luttherr Luther

3. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Born Nov. 10 1483 into a peasant family • The son of a farmer turned miner and a hard working mother • Was raised with stern discipline as well as a chatechismal education • At 14 he supported himself by singing in the streets • He gained the notice/patronage of Frau Ursula Cota “on account of his hearty singing and praying”

4. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • At 18 he enrolled in the University of Erfurt, then one of the top universities in Germany • 1502 Bachelor of Arts, 1505 a Master of Arts (Ph.D equivalent) • Luther then prepared himself as his father wished to go to Law School • 1505 His friend Alexius died (lightning or duel) • July 1505 Caught in a thunderstorm and cried out to St. Ann, promising monkdom in exchange for rescue

5. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • July 17, Luther joins an Augustinian Convent at Erfurt • He became obsessed with the assurance of his salvation and constantly aware of his sin • Held strictly to catholic doctrine, including excessive worship of the Virgin Mary • Confessed at least once a week to the eventual annoyance of his confessor • His mentor Staupitz pointed him towards the cross and grace

6. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Luther continually pondered the meaning of Romans 1:17 • Was ordained in 1507 and gave his first mass, almost fainting at the altar • 1510 Luther made a pilgrimage to Rome • Arrived hailing “Thrice Holy Rome” • He ran to visit all the shrines, and sought the promised forgiveness in the climbing of the Scala Santa on his knees

7. Luther in Rome 1510 • He became severely disillusioned with Rome due to all its excesses • Speedy masses, irreverent consecration, mockery of honest Christians • “if there was a hell, Rome was built on it” • “Rome, once the holiest city is now the worst” • Afterwards(1511) Luther moved the the Augustinian convent of Wittenberg and became a professor

8. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • The building of St. Peter’s Dome was begun in 1506 by Pope Julian II using indulgences as a means to pay for the expenses (it was finally completed in 1626) • Indulgences were technically the removal of the temporal consequences of sin, but not a route to salvation • Johann Tetzel was the salesman for Indulgences in the Wittenberg area

9. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • The continual sale of indulgences drove Luther to write the 95 Theses • Oct. 31 1517 Luther posts the Theses on the door of the Wittenberg chapel • The 95 Theses were posted as a challenge to debate not as a breech with the Church

11. The 95 Theses • Luther’s protest against the abuse of indulgences • 3 Main points • Indulgences are ineffective • The Pope is good • Justification by faith in Christ

12. Leipzig Disputation 1519 • Initial papal reaction was to ignore the Theses • Many disputes and callings of heretic later comes the Leipzig Disputation • Luther vs. Dr. Eck (Johann Mair) • In the Leipzig Disputation Luther realized he didn’t hold with the authority of the Church or Pope • Both claimed victory • Luther gives up on reform and starts the Reformation

13. Luther Attacks 1520 • Luther begins his break with the church by appealing to the German Princes for protection • He follows up by writing many vicious anti-papal/Roman Catholic works • Babylonian Captivity of the church being one of the chief of his polemics addressing • Universality of the cup • Proper communion • Baptism • Number of sacraments (Baptism and Bread only)

14. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Luther is Shortly thereafter given a bull of Excommunication • He responds by writing “Against the Bull of Antichrist” and calling the pope a heretic then burns the Bull • Luther is now hunted by the papacy as a heretic and flees to various princes for protection

15. Diet of Worms 1521 • Emperor Charles V calls the Diet of Worms to try and settle the issue of Luther • Jerome Aleander represented the papacy • Luther arrives with great pomp and celebration • He is asked to acknowledge his works and recant them • He asks quietly for a day to consider

16. Diet of Worms 1521 • He returns the next day and strongly affirms all of his writings • He then proceeds to call both pope and councils fallible forever confirming his status as a heretic • The papists claim victory over Martin but the promised safe conduct of Charles V is surprisingly kept and arch-heretic Martin lived to see another day

17. Peasants War 1523-25 • The Peasants grew tired of being slaves and wanted better living conditions and some measure of autonomy • They teamed up with radical protestants and rebelled against the princes • Luther condemned the rebellion and told the princes to quash it • The princes took his advice and the rebellion stopped

18. Martin Luther 1483-1546 • Luther got married to Catharina von Boren • He loved his Katie much • He did lots of other reformation stuff like translating the bible • He died in Eisleben in Prussian Saxony Feb. 18, 1546 • He liked talking about farts

19. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard and a physicians daughter Margaret • After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monastery • 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly disgusted with the institution • Obtained a bishops patronage and gained liscensce to become a priest and flee the monastery • Studied at the universties of Paris and Orleans

21. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • He survived mainly by patronage living off of the many “gifts” given to him for his clever writing • Studied classics incessantly and was a deep thinker, called the father of Christian Humanism • Wrote prolifically, including many works which criticized monks, priests, and the papacy • He was continually in and out of favor with the papacy

22. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • He loved peace, but also morality and wanted true reform within the church • Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other language including his native Dutch • Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never stopped criticizing the immoral things he did • Took no sides in the Protestant/Catholic debate resulting in him being to Protestant to be Catholic and too Catholic to be Protestant

23. Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536 • Luther and many other reformers looked to Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Luther often • Luther was said to have “hatched the egg laid by Erasmus” • Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the other was right • He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”