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De-Colonization and Self-Determination

De-Colonization and Self-Determination. Today – de-colonization & self- determination Tomorrow – Third World in International Politics . Colonization – when why how

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De-Colonization and Self-Determination

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  1. De-Colonization and Self-Determination

  2. Today – de-colonization & self- determination • Tomorrow – Third World in International Politics

  3. Colonization – when why how • De-colonization – processes • Why de-colonization took place • Significance

  4. Colonial Powers • Spain • Portugal • United Kingdom • France • Holland • Belgium • Germany • Italy

  5. Colonial Powers • 15th Century to 19th Century • 1492 – discovery of Americas • Late 19th century – “race for Africa” • Economic reasons • Racial/Religious/Cultural arguments • Military superiority

  6. De-Colonization • Germany after World War 1 • Italy after World War 2

  7. United Kingdom • 1947-1980 47 territories gain independence • 1947 – India/Pakistan • 1948 – Burma/Sri Lanka • 1957 – Ghana/Malaya • 1960 – Nigeria • 1961 – Sierra Leone/Tanganyika • 1962 – Uganda • 1963 - Kenya

  8. United Kingdom • 1956 - Suez Crisis – “lion’s last roar” • June 1959 “Africa the Next 10 Years” • 1960 – Harold Macmillan – “winds of change”

  9. United Kingdom • Mutliracialism • Commonwealth created • Baghdad Pact – Pakistan/Iran/UK

  10. France • Legacy from World War 2 • 1950s Indo-China • 1960 – French African colonies Including – Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Senegal

  11. France • Fighting in Algeria • France Union • France Community – foreign/defence/economic policies

  12. Portugal • Fall of the Salazaar dynasty • 1974 - Guinea-Bissau • 1975 - Cape Verde • 1975 - Angola & Mozambique

  13. Exceptions • United States of America – wars of independence 1776 to 1783 • Latin America – 1810-1830 – role of Simon Bolivar • 1815 - Vienna Settlement

  14. Reasons • Sovereignty • Self-determination - League of Nations - United Nations & Declaration of Human Rights - Article 1 of both International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (ICCPR) & International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

  15. Reasons • National Liberation Movements • “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter” • Algeria/Morocco/Tunisia

  16. Reasons • End World War 2 • Europe no longer centre of world power • Focus of colonial powers change – Europe – EEC • Domino effect

  17. Reasons • Pariah state – UK like South Africa • Change Soviet foreign policy • “Africa the Next 10 years” – problems of too little/too much reform

  18. Reasons Nye – 3 ideas • Domestic level • International level – distribution of power • Military technology – relative standing in international system

  19. “Colonialism. The Highest State of Capitalism” • Written in 1916 while Lenin in Zurich • Capitalism transformed into colonies • Inequalities due to finance – lead to war/famine/poverty • “weakest link”

  20. Legacy • Neo-colonialism – Latin America in general but Cuba excellent example • Developing World important during Cold War & after due to legacy from colonialism

  21. Conclusions • Most de-colonization second half 20th century • Self determination – national liberation movements • End World War 2 • Power no longer in Europe • Focus moved • Domino effect

  22. Conclusions • Pariah state • Change Soviet foreign policy • “Colonialism. The Highest state of Capitalism” • Nye – domestic level international level military technology

  23. Conclusions • Neo-colonialism • Developing World important Cold War • Problems today from legacy of colonialism

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