Chapter 10: Cities and Urbanization Holly Barcus Morehead State University

1. Introduction to GeographyPeople, Places, and Environment, 3eEdward F. BergmanWilliam H. Renwick Chapter 10: Cities and Urbanization Holly Barcus Morehead State University

2. Defining Concepts • Hinterland • Provide services/draws resources • Incorporation • Defining city territory • Primate cities • Large city with majority of national population • Urbanization • Concentrating population in cities

3. Urban Geography • Three important topics • Urban functions and roles • Study of urbanization • Different times • Different places • Internal patterns

6. Early functions Government centers Protection Agglomeration Economy sectors Primary Secondary Tertiary Economic bases Basic sector Non-basic sector Multiplier effect Urban Functions

9. Locations of Cities • Site factors • Characteristics of location • Situation factors • Other cities • Transportation/trade routes

10. Central Place Theory • Three requirements • Hinterlands divide the space completely • Hinterlands are uniform shape and size • Minimal distance between central place and furthest place

13. Early Urban Societies • Holland - 17th century • Global shipping, banking • Supported by highly productive agriculture • Pre-industrial revolution • Britain • Occurred during industrialization • World’s first model of urbanization • Terrible hardships • Emigration

14. Urbanization Today • Occurring rapidly • Inadequate infrastructure • Living conditions mimic 19th century England • Caused by deteriorating rural conditions • Concentrates labor forces • Different from historic British experience

15. Government Policies • Used to reduce rural to urban migration • Limit housing and jobs • Improve rural areas • Compulsory ruralization

16. Vitality of Cities • Positive aspects of urbanization • Informal, underground economy • Urban immigrants are assets to growth

17. Models of Urban Form • Four models of internal patterns • Concentric zone • Sector • Multiple-nuclei • Peripheral • Social factors • Government • Environmental concerns

23. Urban Planning • Planning the ideal city • Howard’s Garden Cities • Le Corbusier’s Radiant Cities • Canberra, Australia • Charter of the International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM) • Codified the functions of the modern city

26. Culture in Urban Models • Contrasts to North American models • Latin America • Western Europe • Traditional Islamic • Asian

30. Growth of Suburbs • U.S. phenomenon due to prosperity • Early suburbs • Cultural preference for rural living • Henry Ford • Government policies • FHA loan program • Tax incentives • Returning veterans

31. Suburban Infrastructure • Sprawl • High costs • Energy • Commute / transportation • Leapfrogging • Environmental • Farmland • Green space

32. Social Consequences • Residential segregation and marketing • Restrictive covenants • Job movement and creation • Commuting patterns • Rush hour

35. New Patterns • New urbanism • Recreate small town America • Less dependence on cars • Telecommuting • Virtual shopping • Internet • Brick and mortar

36. Central Cities Decline • 1970-1995 • Economic decline • Spatial mismatch • Population loss • Deteriorating housing and neighborhoods • Loss of entry level jobs

37. Central Cities New Growth • Service sector economy • Increased white collar jobs • Finance, IT, bio-tech • Gentrification • Rediscovering urban living • Yuppies / empty nesters • Immigrants • African Americans

39. Redistribution of Jobs & Housing • Urban enterprise zones • Reclaiming “brownfields” • Relocate subsidized housing • Transportation to suburban jobs

40. Governing Urban Areas • Annexation • Incorporation • Thwarts efforts to be annexed • Special district governments • Ending subsidies encouraging sprawl • Tax incentives

41. End of Chapter 10