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Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling

Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling. Key Components Ecological Structure Basic Components of the Ecosystem Matter Cycles and Energy Flow. The Nature of Ecology. Ecosystem organization Organisms– Individual species Population – a group of the same species in a

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Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling

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  1. Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling • Key Components • Ecological Structure • Basic Components of the Ecosystem • Matter Cycles and Energy Flow

  2. The Nature of Ecology • Ecosystem organization • Organisms– Individual species • Population – • a group of the same species in a • Specific geographic region • Community – Two or more pop- • ulations interacting together • Ecosystem – All of the biotic and • Abiotic organisms interacting • Biome – Ecosystems of a geographic • Area with similar climate • Biosphere – The livings Earth

  3. The Earth’s Life-Support Systems • Troposphere • Stratosphere • Hydrosphere • Lithosphere • Biosphere

  4. Sustaining Life of Earth • One-way flowof energy • Cycling ofmatter

  5. The Source of Energy

  6. Ecosystem Concepts and Components • Biomes • Role of climate • Aquatic life zones

  7. Biomes That You Are Responsible To Know Details About • Temperate Deciduous Forest • Temperate Grassland • Taiga • Tundra • Desert • Tropical Rainforest • Savanna

  8. Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones

  9. Principles of Ecological Factors • Law of tolerance • Abiotic factors • Limiting factors • Density Independent • Density Dependent • Biotic factors

  10. The Biotic Components of Ecosystems • Producers(autotrophs)- • make their own • food • Consumers(heterotrophs) – • Obtain nutrients • Herbivores • Carnivores • Scavengers • Detrivores • Saprophytes (Decomposers)

  11. Biological Interactions – Food WebsThe more organisms in FW, the more biodiverse the ecosystem • Arrows show the direction of energy flow

  12. TrophicPyramid • Shows the energy available at every step of a food chain • Trophic Level = an organisms place in a food chain • Most organisms can occupy more than one trophic level • Bottom of the pyramid will ALWAYS be producers • Decomposers are not usually included in a pyramid

  13. Ecological Pyramids • Pyramid ofenergy flow Fig. 4-20 p. 79 • Ecologicalefficiency • Pyramid ofbiomass • Pyramid ofnumbers

  14. Primary Productivity of Ecosystems • Gross primary productivity (GPP) • Net primary productivity (NPP) Fig. 4-25 p. 81

  15. Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

  16. The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial)

  17. The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic)

  18. Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Occurs in the Cytoplasm and Mitochondria Anaerobic occurs without oxygen = Produces less Carbon dioxide Aerobic occurs with oxygen = produces lots of CO2 C6H1206 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H20 + 38 ATP • Occurs in the Chloroplast • 2 part process • Light Dependent = Occurs in the thyllakoid membrane • Light Independent = Occurs in the stroma • 6CO2 + 6H20 + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  19. The Nitrogen Cycle Fig. 4-29 p. 86

  20. The Phosphorus Cycle

  21. The Sulfur Cycle

  22. How Do Ecologists Learn About Ecosystems? • Field research • Remote sensing • Geographic information systems (GIS) • Laboratory research • Systems analysis

  23. Remote Sensing Examples http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/ Deforestation in the Amazon

  24. Deforestation and Development in Bolivia

  25. GIS and Systems Analysis Fig. 4-32 p. 91 Fig. 4-33 p. 91

  26. Ecosystem Servicesand Sustainability

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