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ALIMENTARY CANAL

Explore the long muscular tube of the digestive system from the mouth to the intestines and its accessory organs like salivary glands and pancreas. Learn how saliva breaks down food chemically while enzymes in the small intestine absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. Discover how villi in the small intestine aid in absorption and transport nutrients. Follow the process of digestion in this comprehensive guide.

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ALIMENTARY CANAL

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  1. ALIMENTARY CANAL • LONG MUSCULAR TUBE • BEGINS AT THE MOUTH AND INCLUDES THE PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL INTESTINES AND LARGE INTESTINES

  2. ACCESSORY ORGANS • INCLUDE THE SALIVARY GLANDS, TONGUE, TEETH, LIVER, GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS

  3. MOUTH OR ORAL CAVITY • RECEIVES FOOD AS IT ENTERS THE BODY • ACTIONS IN THE MOUTH • FOOD IS TASTED • BROKEN DOWN PHYSICALLY BY CHEWING • LUBRICATED AND PARTIALLY DIGESTED BY SALIVA • SWALLOWED

  4. TEETH • SPECIAL STRUCTURES IN THE MOUTH • BREAK DOWN FOOD PHYSICALLY BY CHEWING AND GRINDING THE FOOD, A PROCESS CALLED MASTICATION

  5. TONGUE • MUSCULAR ORGAN • CONTAINS SPECIAL RECEPTORS CALLED TASTE BUDS THAT ALLOW A PERSON TO TASTE SWEET, SALT, SOUR AND BITTER SENSATIONS • ALSO AIDS WITH CHEWING AND SWALLOWING OF FOOD

  6. HARD PALATE • BONY STRUCTURE THAT FORMS THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH • SEPERATES THE MOUTH FROM THE NASAL CAVITIES

  7. SOFT PALATE • LOCATED BEHIND THE HARD PALATE • SEPARATES THE MOUTH FROM THE NASOPHARYNX

  8. SALIVARY GLANDS • THREE PAIRS OF GLANDS • PAROTID, SUBLINGUAL, AND SUBMANDIBULAR • PRODUCE A LIQUID CALLED SALIVA • LUBRICATES THE MOUTH DURING SPEECH AND CHEWING • MOISTENS FOOD SO IT CAN BE SWALLOWED EASILY

  9. SALIVA • CONTAINS AN ENZYME CALLED SALIVARY AMYLASE, FORMERLY KNOWN AS PTYALIN • SUBSTANCE SPEEDING UP A CHEMICAL REACTION • BEGINS THE CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF CARBOHYDRATES OR STARCHES INTO SUGARS THAT CAN BE TAKEN INTO THE BODY

  10. PHARYNX OR THROAT • AFTER THE FOOD IS CHEWED AND MIXED WITH SALIVA, IT IS CALLED A BOLUS AND IT ENTERS THE PHARYNX OR THROAT • TUBE THAT CARRIES BOTH AIR AND FOOD • CARRIES THE AIR TO THE TRACHEA OR WINDPIPE

  11. PHARYNX CARRIES FOOD TO THE ESOPHAGUS • WHEN BOLUS IS SWALLOWED MUSCLE ACTION CAUSES THE EPIGLOTTIS TO CLOSE OVER THE LARYNX • PREVENTS BOLUS FROM ENTERING RESPIRATORY TRACT

  12. ESOPHAGUS • MUSCULAR TUBE DORSAL TO THE TRACHEA OR WINDPIPE • RECEIVES BOLUS FROM THE PHARYNX AND CARRIES IT TO THE STOMACH • RELIES ON A RHYTHMIC, WAVELIKE INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT OF ITS MUSCLES, CALLED PERISTALSIS, TO MOVE THE FOOD IN A FORWARD DIRECTION

  13. STOMACH • ENLARGED PART OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL • RECEIVES THE FOOD FROM THE ESOPHAGUS • MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING CONTAINS FOLDS CALLED RUGAE, WHICH DISAPPEAR AS THE STOMACH FILLS WITH AND EXPANDS

  14. CARDIAC SPHINCTER • CIRCULAR MUSCLE BETWEEN THE ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH • CLOSES AFTER FOOD ENTERS THE STOMACH • PREVENTS FOOD FROM GOING BACK UP INTO THE ESOPHAGUS

  15. PYLORIC SPHINCTER • CIRCULAR MUSCLE BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE • KEEPS FOOD IN THE STOMACH UNTIL IT IS READY TO ENTER THE SMALL INTESTINE • FOOD USUALLY REMAINS IN THE STOMACH FOR ABOUT ONE TO FOUR HOURS

  16. GASTRIC JUICES • PRODUCED BY GLANDS IN THE STOMACH • CONVERT FOOD INTO SEMIFLUID MATERIAL CALLED CHYME • JUICES CONTAIN HYDROCHLORIC ACID • KILLS BACTERIA • HELPS IN THE ABSORPTION OF IRON • ACTIVATES THE ENZYME PEPSIN

  17. Gastric Juice…does a body good

  18. JUICES ALSO CONTAIN ENZYMES • LIPASE, WHICH BEGINS THE CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FATS • PEPSIN, WHICH STARTS PROTEIN DIGESTION • IN AN INFANT, ENZYME RENNIN IS EXCRETED • AIDS IN THE DIGESTION OF MILK • NOT PRESENT IN ADULTS

  19. SMALL INTESTINE • COILED SECTION OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL ABOUT TWENTY FEET LONG AND ONE INCH IN DIAMETER • RECEIVES FOOD, IN FORM OF CHYME, FROM STOMACH • THREE SECTIONS • DUODENUM • JEJUNUM • ILEUM

  20. DUODENUM • FIRST NINE TO TEN INCHES • BILE FROM THE GALLBLADDER AND LIVER AND PANCREATIC JUICE FROM THE PANCREAS ENTER THIS SECTION THROUGH DUCTS OR TUBES

  21. JEJUNUM • ABOUT EIGHT FEET LONG • FORMS THE MIDDLE SECTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

  22. ILEUM • FINAL TWELVE FEET • CONNECTS WITH THE LARGE INTESTINE AT THE CECUM • CIRCULAR MUSCLE CALLED THE ILEOCECAL VALVE SEPARATES THE ILEUM AND CECUM AND PREVENTS FROM RETURNING TO THE ILEUM

  23. FUNCTIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE • COMPLETES THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION • ABSORBS THE PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION INTO THE BLOOD STREAM FOR USE BY BODY CELLS

  24. INTESTINAL JUICES • PRODUCED BY THE SMALL INTESTINE • CONTAIN THE ENZYMES MALTASE, SUCRASE, AND LACTASE, WHICH BREAK DOWN SUGARS INTO SIMPLE FORMS • ALSO CONTAIN ENZYMES KNOWN AS PEPTIDASES, WHICH COMPLETE THE DIGESTION OF PROTEINS

  25. BILE • LIQUID THAT ENTERS SMALL INTESTINE FROM LIVER AND GALLBLADDER • EMULSIFIES OR PHYSICALLY BREAKS DOWN FATS

  26. PANCREATIC JUICE • LIQUID THAT ENTERS SMALL INTESTINE FROM PANCREAS • CONTAINS ENZYMES THAT COMPLETE THE PROCESS OF DIGESTION • PANCREATIC AMYLASE, WHICH ACTS ON SUGARS • TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN, WHICH ACT ON PROTEINS • LIPASE, WHICH ACTS ON FATS

  27. VILLI • FINGERLIKE PROJECTONS THAT LINE WALL OF SMALL INTESTINE • ALLOW FOOD TO BE ABSORBED OR TAKEN INTO BLOOD STREAM • CONTAINS BLOOD CAPILLARIES AND LACTEALS

  28. VILLI CONTINUED • BLOOD CAPILLARIES ABSORB OR PICK UP THE DIGESTED NUTRIENTS AND CARRY THEM TO THE LIVER WHERE THEY ARE STORED OR RELEASED INTO GENERAL CIRCULATION FOR USE BY BODY CELLS • LACTEALS PICK UP MOST OF THE DIGESTED FATS AND CARRY THEM TO THE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM, WHICH RELEASES THEM INTO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

  29. SMALL INTESTINE OVERVIEW • WHEN FOOD HAS COMPLETED ITS PASSAGE THROUGH THE SMALL INTESTINE ONLY WASTES, INDIGESTIBLE MATERIALS AND EXCESS WATER REMAIN

  30. LARGE INTESTINE • FINAL SECTION OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL • ABOUT FIVE FEET LONG AND ABOUT TWO INCHES IN DIAMETER

  31. FUNCTIONS • ABSORPTION OF WATER AND ANY REMAINING NUTRIENTS • STORAGE OF INDIGESTIBLE MATERIALS BEFORE THEY ARE ELIMINATED FROM THE BODY

  32. FUNCTIONS • SYNTHESIS (FORMATION) AND ABSORPTION OF SOME B- COMPLEX VITAMINS AND VITAMIN K BY BACTERIA PRESENT IN INTESTINE • TRANSPORTATION OF THE WASTE PRODUCTS OUT OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

  33. SECTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE • CECUM • FIRST SECTION • CONNECTS WITH THE ILEUM OF THE SMALL INTESTINE • CONTAINS A SMALL PROJECTION CALLED THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX

  34. COLON • ASCENDING COLON CONTINUES UP ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY FROM THE CECUM TO THE LOWER PART OF THE LIVER • TRANSVERSE COLON EXTENDS ACROSS THE ABDOMEN, BELOW THE LIVER AND STOMACH, BUT ABOVE THE SMALL INTESTINE

  35. COLON CONTINUED • DESCENDING COLON EXTENDS DOWN THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY • SIGMOID COLON • CONNECTS WITH DESCENDING COLON • “S” SHAPED SECTION THAT JOINS WITH THE RECTUM

  36. RECTUM • FINAL SIX TO EIGHT INCHES • STORAGE AREA FOR THE INDIGESTIBLES OR WASTES • HAS A NARROW CANAL CALLED THE ANAL CANAL, WHICH OPENS AT A HOLE CALLED THE ANUS • FECAL MATERIAL OR STOOL, THE FINAL WASTE PRODUCT OF THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, IS EXPELLED THROUGH THIS OPENING

  37. LIVER • LARGEST GLAND IN THE BODY • ACCESSORY ORGAN FOR THE DIGESTIVE TRACT • LOCATED UNDER THE DIAPHRAGM IN THE UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT OF THE ABDOMEN

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