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Understanding Congress, the Presidency, and Bureaucracy: Key Terms and Concepts

This guide explores essential terms and concepts related to Congress, the Presidency, and the Bureaucracy. It covers the structure and functions of the House and Senate, the intricacies of the legislative process, the significance of committee systems, and the roles of executive powers. It also delves into bureaucratic frameworks, including the Pendleton and Hatch Acts, the influence of patronage, and regulatory bodies. Additionally, the document addresses challenges like gerrymandering, vetoes, and public perception, offering a comprehensive understanding of American governance.

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Understanding Congress, the Presidency, and Bureaucracy: Key Terms and Concepts

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  1. Congress – Terms to Know • Number of members of House and Senate • Difference between the terms House, Senate, & Congress • Factors that determine how a member will vote • Majority/minority party – advantages of being in the majority • What happens to most bills introduced? • Cloture • Filibuster • Veto override • Rules Committee • Why is it difficult to pass laws? • Process of how a bill becomes a law • Citizens’ perceptions of Congress and their Congressman • Congressional oversight • Impeachment process • Reapportionment • Incumbency advantage • Speaker of the House • Committees in Congress • Casework • Gerrymandering • Trustee vs. Delegate Models of representation

  2. Presidency Terms to Know • Head of Government vs. head of state • Cabinet • State of the Union address • Treaties • Executive agreements • Presidential veto • Executive orders • Executive privilege • Senatorial courtesy • Solicitor general • Power to persuade • Going public • Honeymoon period • Presidential Veto • Divided government • Executive Office of the President • Orders of presidential succession, how it was established • Vice-Presidential responsibilities • How the presidency has evolved since the founding • Presidential personalities

  3. Bureaucracy Terms to Know • Bureaucracy • Pendleton Act • Hatch Act • Patronage-based system • Spoils system • Iron Triangles • Independent agencies • Independent regulatory boards and commissions • Government corporations • Clientele groups • Regulations • Congressional oversight • Sunshine laws • Freedom of Information Act • Privacy Act of 1974

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