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GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND CURRENT PRACTICE

GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND CURRENT PRACTICE. Kemal Gürüz Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul Technical University 28,29 November 2011. ETYMOLOGY.

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GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND CURRENT PRACTICE

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  1. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIESAN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND CURRENT PRACTICE Kemal Gürüz Workshop on Doctoral Education in Architecture İstanbul Technical University 28,29 November 2011

  2. ETYMOLOGY The term doctorate comes from the Latindocere, meaning "to teach", shortened from the full Latin title licentia docendi, meaning "license to teach." The authority to grant that license was the sole criterion that defined the medieval university as a corporate body.

  3. THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY • LOWER FACULTY: Faculty of Liberal Arts Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic Quadrivium: Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music • HIGHER FACULTIES (Graduate Schools) Theology Law Medicine

  4. ACADEMIC TITLES IN THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY • Before the university, titles such as magister (master), doctor and professor, which all meant teacher in Latin, were acquired titles. • Baccalariatus: A student who has followed the compulsory (ordinary) lectures, discussions (disputae) and the summations (summa) by the teacher. A student with this title was somewhat like today’s teaching assistant, and was allowed to answer some questions during discussions and teach some of the noncompulsory (extraordinary) courses.

  5. ACADEMIC TITLES IN THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY • Baccalaureatus Formatus: A baccalaureatus deemed ready by his teacher to take the graduation examinations. • Master: Graduates of the faculty of liberal arts • Doctor: Graduates of the higher faculties • Licentia Docendi: Conferred separately by the Chancellor after a succesful public lecture by adding the additional title of regens, actu regens or regent to the already received title of master or doctor

  6. MEETING OF DOCTORSUNIVERSITY OF PARIS ca. 14th Century

  7. THE GERMAN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY • Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) * Wissenschaft als Beruf, reine Wissenschaft * Lernfreiheit und Lehrfreiheit * Unity of Teaching and Research (Einheit der lehre und forschung) • University of Berlin (1816): Ordentliche Professoren, Ausserordentliche Professoren, Privatdozenden • The German Doctorate: Master-Apprentice relationship

  8. THE AMERICAN ACADEMIC PILGRIMAGE TO GERMANY(peregrinatio academica) Of the international academic mobility that took place in the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, none had more far-reaching consequences than that which involved American students who went to study in German universities. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was the first American to visit a German university, Gottingen in 1766. Between 1815 and 1914, there was an extraordinary migration of about 10,000 American students to Germany. Students from Harvard, Yale, and other universities on the East Coast started to go to Germany in increasing numbers. Gottingen, Berlin and Heidelberg were favorite destinations. In the year 1890, American students accounted for 21.9 percent of the enrollment at Gottingen. Thus, from about the middle of the nineteenth century on, the German research university model permeated American higher education,effectively diminishing British influences.

  9. THE AMERICAN ACADEMIC PILGRIMAGE TO GERMANY • Daniel Coit Gilman(1813-1908) was the first president of Johns Hopkins. Before becoming president, he toured German universities to recruit staff and learn about their organization. William Rainey Harper (1856-1906), the first president of the University of Chicago, designed the new institution with an English-style undergraduate college and a German-style research institute. Granville Stanley Hall (1844-1924), the first president of Clark University, had studied psychology in Germany. He set up the first psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins before he moved on to Clark where he pioneered the quarter system and introduced extension programs. Charles William Eliot (1834-1926) served as the president of Harvard between 1869 and 1909. He had studied chemistry in Germany for two years, beginning in 1863. During his term as Harvard’s president, he initiated the elective system, founded the graduate school, and instituted strict requirements for admission and graduation. • Thus, by the beginning of the twentieth century, American universities had transferred and adapted the German research university model to build what would grow into the largest (until recently overtaken by China) and, by any measure, the best higher education system in the world today.

  10. THE AMERICAN Ph.D. • First academic units for research and graduate studies: - The Lawrence School at Harvard, 1840s - The Sheffield School at Yale, first American Ph.D. in 1861 -The first graduate school, Cornell 1868

  11. THE AMERICAN Ph.D. • The earliest doctoral degrees (theology-Divinitatis Doctor (DD),philosophy- Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) and medicine - Medicinæ Doctor (MD) reflected the historical separation of all university study into these three fields. Studies outside of medicine and theology were then called "philosophy", natural philosophy and moral philosophy, but are now classified as natural sciences and social sciences and humanities. However this usage survives in the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. • The American Ph.D. now comprises advanced coursework, qualifying examinations, preliminary research proposal, and a dissertation based on original research work. • Professional doctoral degrees are those outside the Ph.D., and now include DD, MD, JD, Ed.D., and others. Such degrees usually include coursework and research training with a professional emphasis and are similar in structure to Ph.D. programs.

  12. THE AMERICAN Ph.D.Altbach, P.G. 2006. Doctoral education: Present realities and future trends. In International handbook of higher education pt.1 (2 pts.), ed. J. J. F. Forest and P. G. Altbach, 121-39 (2 parts). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. • In the United States, in 2010, 430,569 students were working at the doctoral level (Ph.D.) in all fields. In 2010, 59,472 doctoral (Ph.D.) degrees were awarded. • Russia has/had a two-tiered structure: Kandidat Nauk and Doktor Nauk. The first one was considered equivalent to the Ph.D., and the second was a sort of “higher doctorate” awarded by the Akademia Nauk. In 2002, 136,242 students were enrolled in doctoral programs. Russia is now a signatory to the Bologna Process, and as such she has to transform her degree system into the American BS/MS/Ph.D. System together with all other European countries.

  13. THE U.S. GRADUATE-LEVEL ENROLLMENT 2010 • Total Doctoral * Master’s • Total 1,746,628 430,569 1,310,063 • Arts and Humanities 105,503 41,383 64,120 • Bio. and Agricul. Sci. 78,771 46,027 32,744 • Business 266,471 13,805 252 666 • Education 335,867 57,047 278 687 • Engineering 124,312 50,250 74,062 • Health Sciences 160,338 36,099 124,239 • Math. and Comp. Sci. 65,871 21,736 44,135 • Phys. and Earth Sci.. 48,579 34,781 13,798 • Pub. Adm. and Ser v. 65,423 4,913 60,510 • Soc. and Behav. Sci. 137,344 55,402 81,942 • Other Fi elds** 99,169 14,147 84,626 * Excludes M.D and JD ** Includes architecture, environmental design and city and regional planning (Source: www.cgsnet.org)

  14. GRADUATE-LEVEL PROFESSIONAL DEGREES IN THE UNITED STATES • MEDICINE 2010 * 70,070 students enrolled in MD programs * 16,838 graduates * 4,963 students enrolled in MD/Ph.D. programs * 534 graduates in 2009 (Source: www.aamc.org) • LAW 2010 * 117, 451 students enrolled in JD programs * 32.597 graduates * LL.B. (lex, legis baccalaureus) is not offered in the United States (Source: www.americanbar.org)

  15. DOCTORAL-LEVEL DEGREES IN ARCHITECTURE • Ph. D. in architecture: is a research degree appropriate for those seeking careers in teaching and scholarship in architecture and its related areas, or in roles in government or professional consultation that require depth in specialization and experience in research- usually interdisciplinary. • Doctor of architecture (D. Arch.): There is an ongoing debate to consolidate all architecture degrees to one, professional D.Arch, similar to Law curriculum's LL.B to JD upgrade.

  16. DOCTORAL-LEVEL DEGREES IN ARTS • Ph.D. in arts education is the standard requirement to be an assistant professor of art education. • Ph. D. in arts is currently replacing Master of Fine Arts (MFA) as a requisite to enter academia. For example: in the Slade School of Fine Arts part of University College London, three options are offered: * Practice-led: a thesis of studio practice that makes an original contribution to knowledge plus a written report of 15,000-40,000 words (or 10,000-20,000 words for the MPhil). * Practice-related: a written thesis of 60,000-80,000 words with studio practice that together make an original contribution to knowledge (or 35,000-45,000 words for the MPhil). * Written thesis only: a written thesis of 80,000-100,000 words that makes an original contribution to knowledge (or 50,000-60,000 words for the MPhil). • Doctor of Fine Arts is usually an honorary degree, but is also offered in some institutions to holders of MFA. • Doctor of Music (D.Mus.) students complete advanced studies in one of typically three musical areas: performance (including conducting); musical composition or musicology.

  17. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEY

  18. HISTORICAL NOTES • First Ottomans with doctoral degrees: Joseph Zanni (1876, Germany); Halil Edhem Eldem (1885, Switzerland); Mehmet Arif Beylikçi (1891, Germany); all in chemistry • French, German, Austrian and English professors in Darülfünun and other schools • German professors especially from 1915, and French professors from 1919 on • 1928: Law No.1416 to send students abroad; first 13 doctoral degrees in natural sciences, mostly in Germany, some in France • 1934: Law No. 2557; and 1944: Law No. 4635: to employ foreign faculty members

  19. HISTORICAL NOTES • 1934: Doctoral degree or two bachelor degrees in different areas required for appointment as an associate professor in İstanbul University; • 46 doctoral degrees supervised by Germans in 1933-1946 • First doctoral degree in Turkey, 1937: Nüzhet Toydemir, astronomy; supervised by E. F. Freundlich • 1946, Law No. 4936: faculty members required to engage in research supervision • First doctoral degree in ITU, 1949: Talat Erben, chemistry; supervised by Prof. İ. Cıvaoğlu

  20. HISTORICAL NOTES • First doctoral degree in Architecture: E. Altan Öke, 1961, ITU, supervised by Prof. Kemali Söylemezoğlu • Prior to that, 3 “equivalency” awarded for appointment as associate professor, based on published books/pamphlets; first one in 1949 to Gazanfer Beken under Prof. P. Bonatz

  21. GRADUATE LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEY MASTER LEVEL

  22. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEYMASTER-LEVEL ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 126,368 47,419 1984 9.059 1.473

  23. GRADUATE LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEY DOCTORAL LEVEL

  24. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEYDOCTORAL-LEVEL ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 43,405 4,684 1984 6.185 996

  25. GRADUATE LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEY MEDICAL SPECIALTY TRAINING

  26. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEYMEDICAL SPECIALTY TRAINING ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 20,671 5,101 1988 6.185 996

  27. THE TURKISH. GRADUATE-LEVEL ENROLLMENT 2011 • Total Doctoral Master’s • Total 190,444 64,076 126,368 • Humanities 15,852 4,757 15,862 • Arts 6,357 1,585 4,772 • Agricul. & Vet. Med. 6,461 2,163 4,298 • Bus. & Adm. 36,362 5,307 31,055 • Journ. & Inf. 1,044 337 707 • Law 6,097 1,346 4,751 • Education 19,949 4,101 15,848 • Engineering 23,310 6,441 16,869 • Arch. & Ct. Pl. 3,730 992 2,738 • Health & Welfare 6,513 3,192 3,321 • Sci., Math. & Comp. 27,585 8,652 18,933 • Soc. & Behav. Sci. 14,160 3,774 10,386 • Services 604 329 275 • Other Fields 1,145 467 678 • Total Ph.D. & Art. Prf. ---- 43,405 ---- • Medical Sp. Trg. ---- 20,671 ----

  28. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEYARCHITECTURE MASTER’S ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 2,862 530 1984 460 98 DOCTORAL ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 1,052 96 1984 325 16

  29. GRADUATE-LEVEL STUDIES IN TURKEYARTS MASTER’S ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 3,088 870 1984 101 4 DOCTORAL ENROLLMENTGRADUATES 2011 1,052 96 1984 39 109

  30. SCIENTIFICPUBLICATIONS

  31. UNESCO Science Report 2005 “The number of scientific articles published by Turkish scientists in world-renowned journals trebled between 1997 and 2002, as scanned by the SCI, SSCI and AHCI. By 2002, there were 148 scientific publications per million population, representing a spectacular growth rate of more than 500% over the decade. As a result, Turkey moved from 37th place in 1992 in world rankings of the most productive nations for scientific publications to 22nd place in 2002.”

  32. INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS

  33. GROSS GRADUATION RATES, % OF THE AGE COHORT, 2005 (OECD EAG 2007, Table A3.1, p. 67)

  34. DOCTORAL LEVEL GROSS GRADUATION RATES, % OF THE AGE COHORT, 2009 (OECD EAG 2011, TABLE A3.3)

  35. EUROPEAN INNOVATION SCOREBOARD, SUMMARY INNIVATION INDEX (SII) 2007Comparative Analysis of Innovation Performance, Maastricht Economic and Social Research Training Center on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), February 2008, Figure 1, p.5

  36. REINVENTING THE AMERICAN HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE 21st CENTURY. Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE), January 2006, p.5 “Related to this change of expectations in the workplace, the demand for workers with postsecondary degrees and certifications has been growing. Jobs that require an associate’s degree are growing the fastest during the first decade of the 21st century, and those requiring Ph.D.’s at the second fastest rate.”

  37. GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS REPORT 2007-2008TURKEY’S SCORE CARDhttp://www.gcr.weforum.org:80 GLOBAL COMPETIVENESS INDEX Rank 53/131 Score 4.25/7.00 * Subindex A: Basic Requirements 63 4.44 - Institutions 55 4.13 - Infrastructure 59 3.68 - Macroeconomic Stability 83 4.66 - Health and Primary Education 77 5.31 * Subindex B: Efficiency Enhancers 51 4.36 - Higher Education and Training 60 4.05 - Goods and Markets Efficiency 43 4.54 - Labor Market Efficiency 126 3.60 - Financial Market Sophistication 61 4.40 - Technological Readiness 53 3.39 - Market Size 18 4.97 * Innovation and Sophistication Factors 48 3.90 - Business Sohistication 41 4.45 - Innovation 53 3.36

  38. END OF PRESENTATION Thank you for your attention.

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