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Hi Class, we’re almost done!

Hi Class, we’re almost done!. Some advice for these slides: The mid-sagittal brain is here so we have the same structures covered in lecture and lab. For cranial nerves, know its name, number (roman), whether it is sensory (S) or motor (M) in function (or both), and its basic innervation areas.

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Hi Class, we’re almost done!

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  1. Hi Class, we’re almost done! • Some advice for these slides: • The mid-sagittal brain is here so we have the same structures covered in lecture and lab. • For cranial nerves, know its name, number (roman), whether it is sensory (S) or motor (M) in function (or both), and its basic innervation areas. • Not all the special senses are covered here. Contact me over the summer and I’ll send you more slides, or come to your house and lecture some more… JOKE!

  2. Cingulate gyrus Corpus callosum: head, body, and tail Septum pellucidum Fornix Thalamus Interthalamic adhesion Anterior commissure B Hypothalamus T H Mamillary body Inferior and superior colliculi S Pineal body I Arbor vitae of cerebellum Midbrain Pons Medulla Parieto-occipital sulcus Infundibulum (descends to Pituitary gland) Brain Midsagittal Anatomy-

  3. The Cranial Nerves Nerves I-XII are numbered in anterior to posterior sequenceS= sensory function(s) M= motor function(s) • Olfactory N (CN I) – S: the special sense of smell. Fibers innervate mucosa of superior nasal concha. • Optic N (CN II) – S: the special sense of vision. Fibers innervate rods and cones of the optic retina. • Oculomotor N (CN III) – M: Innervates 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye MM, as well as the Levator palpebrae M. Also innervates smooth muscle tissue of the lens and iris. • Trochlear N (CN IV) – M: superior oblique M of eye.

  4. More Cranial NN… • Trigeminal N (CN V) – S: Skin of the face, as well as cornea, paranasal and nasal sinuses, teeth, etc. M: MM of mastication and soft palate. • Abducent N (CN VI) – M: lateral rectus M of the eye • Facial N (CN VII) – S: taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue and some palate. M: MM of facial expression and middle ear, as well as salivary glands. • Vestibulocochlear N (CN VIII) – S: special sense of hearing via cochlear portion, sense of balance via vestibular portion. • Glossopharyngeal N (CN IX) – S: taste from post 1/3 of tongue, sensation of external ear canal. M: one pharyngeal constrictor M.

  5. The Last Cranial NN • Vagus N (CN X) – S: visceral sensory sensation of G.I. Tract and airway (trachea and bronchi). Also, some taste sensation from mouth and sensation from external ear. M: Constrictor MM of pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal MM. Para-sympathetic innervation of heart, G.I. Tract and trachea. • Spinal Accessory N (CN XI) – M: Sternocleidomastoid M and trapezius M. • Hypoglossal N (CN XII) – M: MM of tongue

  6. Vision, Taste, Smell, Hearing and Balance The SPECIAL SENSES

  7. -Upper and lower eyelids U L Organ of sight-the eye Major anatomical features of external eye area

  8. -Reinforced by tarsal plates-tough connective tissue -Supports orbicularis occuli m -Contains tarsal glands that secrete lipid lubricant for eyelid -Eyelid also contains branching tendon of the levator palpebrae m Organ of sight-the eye- The eyelid

  9. -Medial and lateral canthus -Lacrimal caruncle -Lacrimal papilla with lacrimal punctum -Palpebral conjunctiva Organ of sight-the eye Anatomical features of external eye

  10. The external eye has angles (canthi), where upper and lower eyelids meet. • The medial canthus contains a small mound of soft tissue called the lacrimal caruncle, onto which debris from the eye is flushed by the flow of tears. • The palpebral conjunctiva is a thin mucosa covering the external eye and the inside of eyelids. Infection of this is? • Each eyelid has a tiny bump (papilla) on the medial side, in the center of which is a lacrimal punctum. These are openings which drain tears into the nasolacrimal duct.

  11. The flow of tears • “Tears” are a watery solution produced and drained onto the eye’s surface from the lacrimal gland, located in the upper lateral orbit. • Tears drain medially across the eye and into lacrimal puncta, then into lacrimal canals which connect with the nasolacrimal duct. • The nasolacrimal duct drains into the nasal cavity below the inferior nasal concha. • In the midst of “a good cry”, that’s not just mucus coming out your nose, but also tears…

  12. Don’t try this at home!

  13. Cornea-1° light refractor Iris-contractile diaphragm Aqueous humor-watery fluid Lens-focusing structure Optic retina Macula lutea-acute vision Optic disc-blind spot Ora serrata Choroid-middle layer Ciliary body Suspensory ligament Sclera-white of eye Vitreous body-support, refracting gel Organ of sight-the eye Anatomy of the eye

  14. Internal Eye • The eye is divided internally into anterior and posterior compartments, with the lens between. • The ciliary body is the mass of smooth muscle which connects to the lens via the suspensory ligament and changes the shape of the lens for different focal distances. • The retina is composed of photoreceptor cells (sensory nerve endings of the optic N) called rods and cones. The anterior edge of the retina is the ora serrata. Cones occur in three types and perceive yellow, green and blue light. Rods perceive varying quantities of light, thereby providing information about objects in the environment.

  15. The ‘blind spot’, where the optic nerve connects, contains no rods or cone cells and so is blind. • The macula lutea (yellow spot) contains a fovea (pit) in which a huge number of rods and cones occurs – this is the location of greatest visual acuity. • NEXT SLIDES: THE EAR • The middle ear is deep to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), and is comprised of spaces above (epitympanic recess) and below (tympanic cavity) the middle ear bones (ossicles). • The Stapedius M and Tensor tympanic M stabilize the middle ear bones during very loud sounds, preventing damage to structures here. • The stapes attaches to the ‘oval window’ of the vestibulocochlear organ and transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane.

  16. External Ear External auditory tube Auricle (or Pinna) Separated from middle ear by tympanic membrane Middle Ear Epitympanic recess Tympanic cavity Auditory ossicles Ear Ear-organ of hearing and balance -divided into three parts: Stapedius m Tensor tympani m Chorda tympani N (of Facial N, CN VII)

  17. -Malleus -Incus -Stapes -Tensor tympani M -Stapedius M Ear Middle ear -Within the temporal bone -Tympanic cavity (TC) -Epitympanic recess (ER) ER ER TC

  18. Internal Ear Made up of vestibulocochlear organ Ear

  19. The vestibulocochlear organ is a fluid-filled tubular hollow space inside the temporal bone, made of cochlea (latin: snail) and the vestibule. • Fluid vibrations produced by the stapes cause microscopic ‘hair cells’ inside the cochlea to move, producing impulses perceived by the brain (via the auditory N – CN VIII) as sounds. • Fluid movements inside the semicircular canals, caused by movements of the head along 3 axes (up/down, L/R, front/back) affect hair cells here, sending information through the vestibular portion of the auditory N to the brain about body position and balance. • WE’RE DONE! SEE YOU LATER IN THE WEEK!

  20. Cochlea of bony labyrinth Vestibule Semicircular canals Ear Parts of internal ear -Oval shaped region -contains oval window

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