Students will be able explain the origins of the Cold War

2. Students will be able explain the origins of the Cold War • Students will understand the key events of the Cold War and the people that drove those events • Students will be able to explain how the Cold War impacted American society • Students will understand the policies of American Cold War leaders

3. Cold War – tensions between the Communist Bloc and the Democratic West • USSR suspicious of the West. Fears of invasion (Xenophobia) • US believed economic problems brought rise of WWII dictators • US wanted to promote free trade, economic prosperity, and spread democracy

4. The Yalta Conference • Meeting of Big Three: FDR, Stalin, and Churchill • Planned future of post-war Europe • West wanted Poland to choose government – Stalin already set up Communist one • Liberated Europe to choose their governments • Germany to be partitioned and occupied • USSR wanted reparations from Germany

5. USSR began installing communist governments in all countries they liberated and/or occupied • USSR did not allow free elections in Poland • FDR succeeded by President Harry S.Truman • Truman strongly anti-communist

6. The Potsdam Conference • July 1945 – Potsdam Germany • Big Three: Truman, Stalin, and Churchill • Truman wanted to revive German industry while Stalin wanted it as war reparations • Truman informed Stalin of US atomic bomb • Stalin gave in to Truman over Germany

7. Eastern European countries with new communist governments called satellite nations • British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the separation between the free West and communist East an “Iron Curtain”

8. West versus East

9. US wanted to know why USSR acting belligerent • Ambassador George Kennansent “Long Telegram”to US • Advised US to firmly contain Russian expansion – believed communist system weak and would eventually fall w/o war • Origin of US policy ofContainment – using political, economic, and military policies to keep communism within its present territory

10. The Truman Doctrine • Crises in Turkey and Greece • 1946 USSR demanded joint control of Dardanelles • US sent warships – USSR backed down • 1946 Greek Communists began civil war • Britain helped Greece but could not keep up • Truman got Congress to give money & supplies to help Greece & Turkey fight communism

11. The Marshall Plan • WWII resulted in economic ruin for Europe • Sec of State George Marshall proposed a European Recovery Plan • US would give money to Europe to help rebuild – keep countries from turning to communism • Soviet Union and satellite nations rejected offer – Western Europe became prosperous

12. The Berlin Crisis • US, Britain, and France agreed to merge their zones of occupation Of Germany and Berlin – allow Germans to form government (Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany) • USSR blocked Allied ground access to Berlin – wanted West out • Truman ordered US to supply Berlin with airlift- successful • USSR gave up blockade ~year later

13. The Candy Bomber

14. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • US formed a military alliance of Western nations • An attack on one was an attack on all • NATO established 1949 • West Germany allowed to rearm and join NATO in 1955 • USSR responded with alliance of communist nations called Warsaw Pact

15. Chinese Civil War • Two groups vying for power in China: Communists led by Mao Zedong and Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek • Both sides fought Japan in WWII though Nationalists bore brunt of war • After WWII, both groups fought civil war for control • Communists won and Nationalists retreated to Island of Formosa – established country of Taiwan

16. Communist take-over of China alarmed US • China became ally with USSR • USSR exploded first atomic bomb • Faced with growing communist threat in Asia – US became friendlier w/Japan • US only recognized Republic of China(Taiwan)– kept communists out of UN

17. Korean War 1950-1953 • At end of WWII US disarmed Japanese troops in southern Korea while USSR disarmed Japanese troops in northern Korea • USSR set up communist government in North while US supported government in south • USSR trained and armed large communist army in North Korea • July 1950 – North Korea invaded South Korea

18. President Truman saw invasion as test of containment policy • Sent US occupation troops in Japan to Korea – speed bump • American and South Korean troops forced into pocket at tip of Korea – Pusan Perimeter • US led UN Security Council to pledge UN troops– USSR not there to veto • General MacArthursent new US forces to Inchon – invaded Korea deep behind enemy lines

19. Invasion took North Koreans by surprise – went into full retreat • UN troops pushed North Koreans up to Yalu River– border with Communist China • China saw UN troops as threat – entered war on side of North Korea • UN troops pushed back to below 38th Parallel • MacArthur wanted to use atomic weapons against China

20. Truman refused to allow nuclear weapons • MacArthur publicly criticized President Truman • Truman fired MacArthur– kept to a limited war • War moved into stalemate phase around 38th Parallel • Cease Fire signed in 1953 – no peace treaty to this day

21. New Red Scare • Began when Igor Gouzenko, a Russian clerk, defected to the West • He gave up documents detailing Russian plans to infiltrate American organizations and government • Search for communist spies turned to general fear of Communist subversion – secretly weaken a society and overthrow its government

22. Loyalty Review Program – program to screen federal employees for loyalty • House Un-Amercian Activities Committee • J. Edgar Hoover, head of FBI, encouraged HUAC to hold hearings on government subversion • Identify Fascist and Communist agents or sympathizers

23. 1948 Whittaker Chambers, a former Communist, testified to HUAC that Alger Hiss, an American diplomat, was a Communist spy • Hiss sued Chambers for libel but Chambers proved it by providing government documents he said Hiss had given him • Hiss was convicted of perjury – lying under oath

24. The Rosenbergs 1953 • Many believed Russia got atomic secrets from spies • Klaus Fuchs– British scientist – admitted sending atomic secrets to Russia • His testimony led to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – members of Communist Party • Couple was tried, convicted, and executed • Many believed couple were victims of anti-Communist hysteria

25. Project Venona • US had broken Russian spy code in Project code-named “Venona” • US read over 3,000 Russian messages • Project not revealed until 1995 • Project intercepts revealed that there were Communist spies in US government, Hollywood, labor unions, and that the Rosenbergs were guilty

26. 1950 – Senator Joseph McCarthyannounced he had a list of over 200 State Department personnel who were Communists • Never showed list – The Big Lie? • Congress passed McCarran Act– created restrictions on Communists in US including prohibiting passports

27. McCarthy became Chairman of Senate subcommittee on investigations • Used position to force testimony on Communist subversion of US government, unions, and Hollywood • His tactics of badgering and vague accusations became known as McCarthyism • Many called his investigations “witch hunts” – dismissed possible Communist infiltration

28. McCarthy’s Downfall • McCarthy announced intention to investigate US military • Hearings held on television • 1954 – Army-McCarthy Hearingscaused people to drop support due to his bullying • “Have you no sense of decency?” • McCarthy censured by Senate Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?

29. Americans became afraid of “the bomb” and fallout – radioactive debris resulting from nuclear blast • Public bomb shelterswere established and supplied with food & water • Civilians built private fallout shelters • Bomb drills were run at school • Duck and Cover Fallout Duck and Cover

30. Popular Culture in the Cold War • Threat of Atomic Weapons and Nuclear Radiation • Sci-Fi movies with creatures mutated by radiation • Nuclear apocalypse movies • Fear of Communism • Communist spy movies • FBI television show Recognizing a Communist

31. Election of 1952 • Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson, governor of Illinois • Republicans nominated Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during WWII • Americans nervous about US security following USSR nuclear tests, fall of China to Communism, and the Korean War • Eisenhower promised to end Korean War

32. Eisenhower’s Nuclear Policy • Eisenhower believed US could not protect itself economically without possible use of nuclear weapons • Instead of fighting wars he would threaten nuclear war – massive retaliation • This policy enabled his administration to cut military spending

33. The Sputnik Crisis • Eisenhower put B-52 bomberinto use, developed ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile), and submarine launched missiles • US stunned to discover USSR doing same thing • 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik, first man-made satellite • US believed it was falling behind USSR in missile technology • Congress created NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and pushed sciences and math in schools

34. John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State under Eisenhowersupported idea of using nuclear weapons in war • Critics called it Brinkmanship – willingness to go to the edge of war to force the other side to back down • Eisenhower used the nuclear threat against China in Korea and Taiwan Crisis Brinkmanship is very much like the game of “Chicken”

35. Using threat of nuclear war, Eisenhower pressured North Korea to agree to Ceasefire in 1953 • A DMZ (demilitarized zone)was established separating North and South Korea • US troops are still in South Korea today US and South Korean guards stand across border from North Korean guards in DMZ

36. The 1956 Suez Crisis • Egypt nationalized Suez Canal • Great Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt • US forced them to back down and threatened to use nuclear weapons against USSR which was threatening to bomb Britain and France • USSR backed down but remained friendly with Arabs

37. To keep Communists from overthrowing other countries, Eisenhower used covert (hidden) ops conducted by the CIA • Many countries targeted by Communists were developing nations – nations with primarily agricultural economies • Sometimes the US gave target countries aid – other times the CIA staged covert ops to overthrow unfriendly rulers

38. Iran • Iranian Prime Minister Mossadegh forced the US-friendly Shah into exile and attempted to move closer to USSR • US CIA arranged coup against Mossadegh and restored Shah to power • Guatemala • President Guzman won election with support of Communists • Attempted to nationalize US businesses • US trained opposition forces – they invaded Guatemala and overthrew Guzman

39. 1956 Hungarian Uprising • 1953 Stalin died • 1956 Khrushchev took power in Russia • De-Stalinized Russia • US broadcast secret speech • Many Eastern European countries unhappy with Communist rule • Hungary rose up against Communists • Soviet tanks and soldiers rolled in and crushed uprising Hungarian citizens stand around statue of Stalin they have pulled down

40. Hungarian Uprising caused Khrushchev to reassert Communist hold over satellites • US tried to lessen tensions between US and USSR • Invited Khrushchev to US • Russia shot down US U2 spy plane – captured pilot Francis Gary Powers • Incident brought back heightened tensions