Origins of the Cold War

1. Origins of the Cold War 1945-1963

2. I. Origins • Stalin refuses free elections • “Satelite” Nations • Violation of war conference agreements • USA, UK, France unify Germany • USSRkeep it weak. • March 1946, Churchill says, “Iron curtain has descended across Europe.”communism

4. II. Containment • Sec. of State Marshall, Dean Acheson, George Kennan • Containment • Truman Doctrine—USA had a duty to give $$ to help free nations under comm. threat.

5. III. Marshall Plan • Truman needed to supply $$ to rebuild Europe • $3 billion; over 4 yrs. • Rebuilding democratic govt’s • Help the region? Embarrass USSR? • Successregion entirely self-sufficient

7. IV. Berlin and the Warsaw Pact • Stalin wants no part of capitalismcuts off E. Germ. from W. • Berlin Airlift • NATO • Warsaw Pact

9. Berlin and the Warsaw Pact (cont’d) • One-up each otherarms race • 1949—USSR tests A-bomb • 1952—USA tests hydrogen bomb • 1,000 stronger than “Fat Man” and “Little Boy”

11. V. National Security Act & NSC-68 • Nat. Sec. Act, 1947 • D.O.D • National Sec. Council • CIA • NSC-68 • Use of troops to achieve containment

13. VI. Cold War: Asia • Chian Kai-shek • Mao Zedong • 1949--China becomes communist • 1950—Stalin + Mao= communist bloc

14. Korea 5. Korea • N.Koreacommunist • 1950-cross 38th parallel into S. • UN intervenes • USA declares “police action”not war • N.Korean advanced repelled • MacArthur pushes N.Korea to Chinese border

16. Korea (cont’d) • UN pushed back across 38th parallel • MacArthur criticaldisobeys Trumanremoved from command • 1953—Stalematestill divided at 38th parallel…to this day

17. VII. Ike and Kennedy • 1952—Ike elected pres. (Nixon VP) • Sec. of State—John Foster Dulles • Brinkmanship—nuclear war • Massive retaliation—USA would unleash nukes if threatened. • Smaller countries?

19. VIII. U2, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis • 1958—U2 spy plane (recon.) shot down • Since 1955, USA spying on USSR • Khrushchev, andry. calls off 1960 meeting

20. Bay of Pigs • 1959—Castro takes control • Nationalizes US businesses—land reform • USA cuts off dipl.rel.Castro looks to USSR • Ike approves plan to invade Cuba; but dies

21. Bay of Pigs • 1961—JFK pres. agrees to invade Cuba • CIA, w/bad intelligence, used exiles to overthrow Castro • Failure and embarrassment • Krushchev wants USA out of Berlin • JFK refuses • Berlin Wall

22. Cuban Missile Crisis • October 1962-Spy planes see nukes in Cuba • Threat goes from 30min. to 30sec. • JFK orders missiles removed • USSR; Castro say no • JFK orders naval blockade of Cuba • “Red Phone”—hot line for USA and USSR for emergencies.

23. Cuban Missile Crisis (cont’d) • Dulles “new look”, no good • JFK, “flexible response” for communists • Conventional tactics • Special Operations • Green Berets

24. IX. Second Red Scare • House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) • Fear, paranoia • Alger Hiss5 yrs. • Julius & Ethel Rosenbergdeath

27. Second Red Scare (cont’d) • Sen. (R)Joseph McCarthy • McCarthyism • Communist “witch hunt”

28. X. Americans & the Cold War • Fear of Hitler/Tojofear of nuclear war • Americans need protection • Sputnik, 1957

29. Americans & the Cold War (cont’d) • 1958, Ike creates NASA • National Highway Act, 1956 • Interstate freeways • 42,000 miles • Quick evacuation • Emergency landing • Transport missiles

31. Americans & the Cold War (cont’d) 6. Ike warns of the “military-industrial complex”nation driven by needs of the arms race & war machine