Fields of Study in Social Sciences for River Valley Civilizations

1. 6/9 Focus: • The social sciences are broken up into fields of study. • Geographers look at how location impacts the development of groups and people. • Do Now: • What major turning point/revolution allowed for the development of civilizations?

2. Regents Review Fields of Study to River Valley Civilizations

3. Economists • Study the following: • Scarcity of resources • What a society should produce • How to produce it and for whom • Distribution of goods and services

4. Sociologists • Study society and social behavior

5. Archeologists • Study the physical artifacts of a society

6. Political Scientists • Study the origin, development, and operation of political systems

7. Historians • Research, analyze, and interpret the past • Use primary and secondary sources

8. Anthropologists • Study the origin and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans

9. Geographers • Study the connection between people and the places where they live

10. Which social scientist specializes in studying issues such as the scarcity of resources and availability of goods? • anthropologist • sociologist • economist • archaeologist

11. Which aspect of social science would a geographer most likely study in depth? • how beliefs influence the behavior of a group of people • how economic events influence history • how location influences the way people live • how people influence governmental decisions

12. Which social scientists are best known for studying the physical artifacts of a culture? • Geographers • Archaeologists • economists • sociologists

13. When studying ancient civilizations, a geographer would be most interested in looking at • language as a form of expression • family structure • climatic influences on food production • standards for leadership

14. Historians value the writings of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta because they • serve as primary sources about trade and culture • provide the basis for European holy books • include advice on how to be a democratic ruler • present unbiased views of life in Africa and Asia

15. Peninsula • A body of land surrounded by water on three sides • Italy, India, Korea, Iberian (Spain/Portugal)

16. Archipelago • A group or chain of islands • Japan

17. Strait • A narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water • Straits of Malacca, Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits

18. Plains • Flat lands that have only small changes in elevation • Great Plains

19. Steepe • A plain with short grasses and without trees • Central Asia

20. Physical Maps • Show landmarks such as mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, and other geographic features

21. Political Maps • Show lines defining countries, states, cities, or territories; show borders

22. Which feature would most often be shown on a political map? • topography • type of climate • capital cities • elevation

23. • Siberian Plain• Sahara Desert• Amazon Basin• Mongolian Steppes • One characteristic common to these areas is that they all • have a low population density • are located between major river valleys • are major religious centers • have large areas of valuable farmland

24. Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. ______________________________A. Seafood makes up a large part of the Filipino diet.B. Africans built hydroelectric plants along the Zambezi River.C. The majority of Russians live west of the Ural Mountains.D. The most densely populated area of India is the Ganges River Valley. • Rivers Are Barriers to Interdependence • Economic Issues Influence National Goals • Geography Affects Human Behavior • Governments Control the Actions of Citizen

25. • The fertile soil of river valleys allowed early civilizations to develop and flourish.• In the 1500s and 1600s, control of the Strait of Malacca determined who traded in the Spice Islands.• Because Japan is an island that is mostly mountainous, people live in densely populated areas along the coast. • Which conclusion is best supported by these statements? • Major urban centers are found only along rivers. • The geography of a nation or region influences its development. • Without mountains and rivers, people cannot develop a culture. • The spread of new ideas is discouraged by trade and conquest.

26. Development of CivilizationsReview Questions

27. Paleolithic Era • Nomadic People • Hunter/Gathers • Simple stone tools

28. Neolithic Era • Development of farming and domestication of animals

29. 8 Features of Civilizations B A Art/Architecture Organized Religion

30. 8 Features of Civilizations D C Cities Job Specialization

31. 8 Features of Civilizations E F Government Public Works

32. 8 Features of Civilizations G H System of Writing Social Classes

33. How did the introduction of agriculture affect early peoples? • Societies became nomadic. • Food production declined. • Civilizations developed. • Birthrates decreased rapidly.

34. Early peoples who moved frequently as they searched for the food they needed for survival are called • hunters and gatherers • village dwellers • subsistence farmers • guild members

35. Presence of public works, art and architecture, organized religions, and systems of writings are associated with: • Economic Development in Ancient Egypt • Cultural Diffusion in Mohenjo-Daro • Features of the Old Stone Age • Characteristics of Civilizations

36. The term “subsistence farmers” refers to people who grow: • enough food to feed an entire village • food to sell in village markets • just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family • a single cash crop

37. River Valley Civilizations • Similar Latitudes • Annual flooding • Long growing seasons/warm climates • Three common characteristics of river valley civilizations

38. River Valley Civilizations Himalayas (2) Deccan Plateau Nile River Valley Waterfalls and Sahara Desert Tigris & Euphrates Fertile Crescent Unpredictable River flooding (3) Yellow River Gobi Desert Indus River Hindu Kush Predictable Flooding (1) Monsoons Natural Barriers (3) Lack of Natural Barriers Identify the civilization that each geographic characteristic is most closely associated.

39. River Valley Civilizations • Identify the civilization that each term is associated with: Ziggurats Hieroglyphics Oracle Bones Mohenjo-Daro Pyramids Dynastic Cycle Cuneiform Caste System Maurya and Gupta Empires Aryans Pharaohs Harappa Mandate of Heaven Gilgamesh

40. 6/10 Focus: • Do Now: • Complete the Regents Review Warm up Questions

41. Ancient Greece • The mountainous topography (terrain) of Greece resulted in widely scattered settlements that developed into many small independent city-states. (The geography of Greece prevented the ancient Greek city-states from uniting to form a single nation.)

43. Ancient Greece • The city-state of Athens practiced direct democracy. • The city-state of Sparta was very different from Athens. • Sparta placed more emphasis on military service. Boys in Sparta were trained to be soldiers. • Sparta’s government was not democratic. People had little voice in government.

44. Ancient Greece • SOCRATES,PLATO, and ARISTOTLE were philosophers of ancient Greece. • The AGE OF PERICLES in Athens was a GOLDEN AGE that produced outstanding contributions in the arts and sciences.

45. Ancient Greece • ALEXANDER THE GREAT’S conquests caused the expansion of HELLENISTIC CULTURE. • The blending of GREEK, PERSIAN, EGYPTIAN, and INDIAN cultures into Hellenistic culture demonstrates cultural diffusion.

46. Ancient Rome • The Roman Empire extended over three continents, surrounding the MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

47. Ancient Rome • The Mediterranean Sea was the center of Roman TRADE. The Roman Empire grew wealthy because it developed extensive trade networks.

48. Ancient Rome • A SYSTEM OF ROADS helped unify the Roman Empire. • Note: A system of roads helped to unify the INCA EMPIRE in the Andes Mountains of South America, too.

49. Ancient Rome • The Romans developed a form of government known as the REPUBLIC • Preserved GREEK CULTURE (Greco-Roman Culture) • The Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. led to the start of the Middle Ages • Note the rise and fall of the Roman Empire is often compared with the HAN dynasty in China

50. China • The SHANG DYNASTY was China's first dynasty. During Shang rule, kings controlled small areas while loyal princes and nobles governed most of the land. • To justify their rebellion against the Shang, the Zhou people promoted the idea of the MANDATE OF HEAVEN. • The MANDATE OF HEAVEN is the Chinese belief in the DIVINE RIGHT to rule. • This process explaining the rise and fall of dynasties is called the DYNASTIC CYCLE