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Understanding Alkanes: Basics and Structural Formulas

Learn about alkanes, acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons with only single bonds, their formulas, and molecular structures. Explore expanded and condensed structural formulas, as well as line notation rules in organic chemistry.

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Understanding Alkanes: Basics and Structural Formulas

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  1. Terms for organic compounds. 3-6)

  2. H H H H H H C H H H H C C H C H C C C H C H C H H H H C H H H H H H H H C H H H H C C H H C C C C H H H C H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C H H C C C H H H H H 4.2 Alkanes • Acyclic (no rings) = alkane • Cyclic (contains rings) Section 1.12

  3. 4.2 Alkanes (cont.) • Are acyclic “saturated” hydrocarbons. • Contain only single bonds C-C • Every carbon is sp3 (tetrahedral) • General formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2 • CH4 • C2H6 • C3H8

  4. 4.2 Alkanes • Fig. 1.3 Molecular structures of (a) methane, (b) ethane, and (c) propane, the three simplest alkanes.

  5. 1.2

  6. 4.2 Structural formulas • Expanded (Lewis structure) H H H H H H | | | | | | H-C-H H-C-C-H H-C-C-C-H | | | | | | H H H H H H Methane Ethane Propane THESE TAKE A LOT OF SPACE TO DRAW THEY TAKE A LONG TIME TO DRAW

  7. 4.2 Structural formulas • Condensed (easier and faster to draw) Methane CH4 Ethane CH3-CH3 Propane CH3-CH2-CH3

  8. 4.2 Structural formulas • Condensed Octane: CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 • More condensed CH3-(CH2)6-CH3

  9. 4.2 LINE NOTATION Organic chem models: http://www.umanitoba.ca/chemistry/courses/chem130/molecules/models.html

  10. RULES FOR LINE NOTATION 1) The end of any line indicates a carbon atom, unless another atom is indicated. 2) Any place where two or more lines meet represents a carbon atom, unless another atom is indicated. 3) Any missing valencies are filled by adding hydrogens. 4) All non-carbon atoms are clearly indicated. 5) Unshared pairs are implied, but not shown.

  11. LINE NOTATION

  12. There is no carbon here, another atom is indicated. STRUCTURES INVOLVING HETEROATOMS A “heteroatom” is any atom differentfrom carbon or hydrogen. “hetero” = different (Greek)

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