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Mr. Benagh E S S M – Summer FISH 2014-2015

Mr. Benagh E S S M – Summer FISH 2014-2015. E S S M – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s Monday, Aug. 11 th 2014 Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15” - Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework 

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Mr. Benagh E S S M – Summer FISH 2014-2015

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  1. Mr. Benagh ESSM – SummerFISH 2014-2015

  2. ESSM – Summer FISH • Biology Agenda’s • Monday, Aug. 11th 2014 • Macromoluecles • - Power Lecture 10-15” • - Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis • - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) • - Homework  • Tuesday, Aug. 12th 2014 • Enzymes • - Power Lecture 10-15” • - Toothpickase Enzyme Lab • - Homework  • Wednesday, Aug. 13th 2014 • Nucleic Acid • - Power Lecture 10-15” • - Strawberries DNA Extractions • - Homework  • Thursday, Aug. 14th 2014 • Photosynthesis • - Power Lecture 10-15” • - Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab • - Homework 

  3. The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

  4. CARBOHYDRATES

  5. Carbohydrate Types 1. SIMPLE SUGARS Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule • Hexose= 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk • Pentose= 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA

  6. Linear and ring forms of glucose

  7. Carbohydrate Types 2. SIMPLE SUGARS Disaccharides - two sugar molecule Sucrose (sugar) Glucose + Fructose Lactose (milk) Glucose + Galactose Maltose (grains) Glucose + Glucose

  8. How are disaccharides made? Dehydration synthesis:

  9. Examples of disaccharide synthesis

  10. Carbohydrate Types COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES POLYSACCHARIDES: Long chains of monosaccharides EXAMPLES Starch (amylose) Glycogen Fiber (cellulose) Chitin

  11. Starch • Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds) • < 500,000 glucoses

  12. Glycogen Short term storage polysaccharide for animals • ~300g stored carbo in body • 72g liver (glycogen) • 245g muscle (glycogen) • 10g blood (glucose)

  13. Chitin String of modified glucose Structural component of: Insects, Arthropods, fungi

  14. Cellulose • Starch • Cellulose • Polymer of glucose • Structural material in plants - Fiber • Why indigestible? • Monomers linked together differently than in starch

  15. Starch verses Cellulose • Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes • Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose

  16. LIPIDS

  17. Three Major Groups of Lipids • Oils, Fats, and Waxes • Phospholipids • Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)

  18. Similarities of Fats and Oils • All contain C, H, and O • Usually no ring structures • Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)

  19. Triglycerides • Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)

  20. Saturated Unsaturated Polyunsaturated Types of Fatty acids

  21. Phospholipids

  22. Steroids • Four fused rings of carbon • steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone • cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes

  23. Cholesterol • Body will make if not enough in diet • Part of lipid membrane around cells • Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane

  24. The structure of a phospholipid

  25. Protein

  26. Types of Proteins See Table 5.1 Structural Storage Enzymes Transport Hormones Antibodies Receptor Contractile

  27. Proteins 2. R group 3. Carboxyl group 1. Amino group Subunit = amino acid Amino acids have three parts:

  28. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

  29. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

  30. Linking Amino Acids Dehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond Creates a polypeptide

  31. Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

  32. How are proteins able to do so many things? Polar Non-polar Charged - O 20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups

  33. Proteins Fold into Active Shape Protein function depends on shape Four Levels of Structure: Primary 1° Secondary 2° Tertiary 3° Quaternary 4°

  34. Primary (1°) Structure Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide

  35. Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

  36. Secondary (2°) Structure Folds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds b- pleated sheet a-helix

  37. Tertiary (3°) Structure 3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds

  38. Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

  39. Quaternary (4°) Structure Interactions between 2+ polypeptides

  40. Shape is critical for protein interactions • EXAMPLE: • Hemoglobin • 4 Polypeptides • Binds Iron • Oxygen transport

  41. Nucleic Acid

  42. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA • Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides.

  43. NUCLEOTIDES 3 Main Components: • 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen-containing base

  44. Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.

  45. RNA and DNA SIMILARITIES: • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate group DIFFERENCES: • Nucleotides • DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine • RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil • Sugar • DNA: Deoxyribose • RNA: Ribose

  46. Nucleic Acid Synthesis • Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis • Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR

  47. Structure of DNA

  48. Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

  49. Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication

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