Forensic Science or Criminalistics

1. Forensic Science or Criminalistics • Two words are the same/ interchangeable • Definition: the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system • The application of science to law

2. History & Development • Who is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859-1930)? • Author of Sherlock Holmes • Popularized scientific crime detection: serology (blood), fingerprinting, firearms, & document examination

3. MATHIEU ORFILA (1787-1853) • Father of Forensic Toxicology (study of drug/poison detection) • First published text of poisons and their effects on animals

4. Marsh Apparatus: detect arsenic

5. ALPHONSE BERTILLON (1853-1914) • Father of criminal identification • Developed the science of Anthropometry—study of body measurements to identify/distinguish individuals

6. FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911) • Not the 1st to use fingerprinting • 1st to establish fingerprinting as a science to be used in criminal cases; he also filed them

7. GALTON'S OWN PRINTS

8. LEONE LATTES (1887-1954) • Continued the work of Dr. Karl Landsteiner, who discovered blood can be grouped into 4 categories: A, B, AB, & O • Devised a simple procedure for determining the blood group of a dried blood stain & applied it to investigations

9. BLOOD TYPES

10. CALVIN GODDARD (1891-1955) • US Army Colonel • Expert on firearms examination • Established the use of comparison microscope to identify bullets and the firing gun; applied his expertise to criminal cases

11. GODDARD EXAMINING A WEAPON

12. ALBERT S. OSBORN (1858-1946) • Forefront of document examination • Reason for document acceptance as scientific evidence in courts • 1910-authored “Questioned Documents”

13. WALTER C McCRONE (1916-2002) • Worlds most profound microscopist • Educated thousands of forensic scientists world wide • Used his microscopy skills in thousands of criminal cases • .

14. HANS GROSS (1847-1915) • Public prosecutor & judge • 1st to develop and publish a document on applying science disciplines to criminal investigations in 1893

15. EDMOND LOCARD (1877-1966) • Started the 1st police laboratory in 1910 • Founder and director of the 1st Institute of Criminalistics • Believed that when a criminal came in contact with an object or person, a cross transfer of evidence occurred

16. Tuesday 9-3-2013BELLRINGER/ACTIVATOR/DO NOW • Take out a sheet of paper and head it • Number it 1-5 • BRAINSTORM: List five services provided or jobs done in the field of Forensic Science (Hint: Think about the Forensic shows that you like to watch and our class discussions) • You only have 5 minutes…don’t waste time

17. SERVICES OF CRIME LABS • Physical Science Unit-uses techniques of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify & compare evidence like drugs, glass, paint, explosives, & soil • Biology Unit-identify & profile DNA, dried blood stains, and other bodily fluids. Compare hairs, fibers, and other botanical materials like plants/wood. • Firearms Unit-examine firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, & all ammunition; examine clothing & other objects for gunshot residue. Approximate distances from targets. Compare tool markings. • .

18. SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ • Document Examination Unit-determine authenticity and/or source of typewritten & hand written documents. Analyze paper, ink, indented writing (depressions on the page under the page that was actually written on), obliterations, erasures, & burned/charred documents. • Photography Unit-examine & record physical evidence. X-ray photography to make the invisible visible. Prepare photo exhibits for courtroom presentations. • .

19. SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ • Toxicology Unit-examine bodily fluids and organs for presence/absence of drugs, poisons, and/or alcohol. Train operators, maintain, and service field instruments like the Intoxilyzer (measures alcohol consumption). • Latent Finger Print Unit-examine & process evidence for finger prints. (Latent means not apparent to the eye but able to be made visible by dusting/fuming.) • .

20. Intoxilyzer (aka breathalyzer)

21. SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ • Polygraph (Lie detector)Unit-for investigation & interrogation; generally used by investigators not forensic scientists • Voiceprint Analysis Unit-ties a voice to a suspect using a sound spectrograph (instrument that turns speech into a visual graph called a “voice print.”) Ex. Uses: telephone threats, recorded messages, etc.

22. Sound Spectrograph Result

23. Polygraph Test

24. Polygraph Results

25. SERVICES OF CRIME LABS, cont’ • Evidence Collection Unit-collect and preserve physical evidence that will be later processed in the crime lab.

26. 6 Forensic Specialties • Forensic Pathology—the investigation of sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths • Forensic Anthropology—specialty used in identification and examination of skeletal remains • Forensic Entomology—the study of insects and their relationship to criminal investigations • Forensic Psychiatry—the examination of the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings • Forensic Odontology—the identification of an individual through the analysis of teeth • Forensic Engineering—analysis of structural failures, accident reconstruction, and causes/origins of fires/explosions • ..