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Outline

Outline. Quiz Assignment: Peer review due after Spring Break Lecture: Invasive species and communities Break Second half of WI Fishes (ID’s). Invasive species and communities. A prelim exam question….

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Outline

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  1. Outline Quiz Assignment: Peer review due after Spring Break Lecture: Invasive species and communities Break Second half of WI Fishes (ID’s)

  2. Invasive species and communities

  3. A prelim exam question… “Are invasive species more likely to have large impacts on native communities via predation or via competition?”

  4. First, communities…

  5. 1 XXXXXXXXXX ? 2 Competition is important...just not as important as predation 5 Basic types of species interactions

  6. What is competition?

  7. space or habitat food Competition ...common use of a limited resource What can be limiting....?

  8. Between and within species Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition

  9. Population Abundance Time How do we see it or measure it? • Individual Responses • Behavior – feeding rate • Physiology – growth rate • Morphological – body size • Population responses • Abundance • Distribution

  10. 3 types of competition Interference competition Exploitation competition Apparent competition

  11. Interference competition - occurs directly between individuals via aggression etc. when the individuals interfere with foraging, survival, reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat. (-) B A (-)

  12. Exploitation competition - occurs indirectly through a common, limiting resource, which acts as an intermediate. Ex. depletes the amount of food or fill up all the available space. (-) B A (-) + + - - R

  13. Apparent competition - occurs indirectly between two species which are both preyed upon by the same predator. B B A - - - - + + + P P

  14. Resource partitioning Population Abundance Resource Gradient Competition's role in ecology and evolution "species packing" Population Abundance Resource Gradient Evolution to minimize competition Difficult (or impossible) to prove

  15. Species evolve within communities to utilize resources along a gradient • Food particle size • Temperature • Habitat

  16. Warmer Temps Cooler Temps

  17. Lake Tanganyika Lake Malawi

  18. Community Assembly and Invasive Species • Sequence of invasions is important • As species #’s increase, so does partitioning of resources • Eventually, resources cannot be partitioned any further, and species will be excluded • Logical extension: Species-rich environments will be resistant to invasions • This has not held true due to disturbance, importance of abiotic factors, extirpations, unsaturated communities • However, diverse communities may be less impacted

  19. M.J. Vander Zanden. 2005. The Success of Animal Invaders, PNAS 102: 7055-7056

  20. Invasive Species • Why should we care? -Leading cause of global biodiversity loss -Particularly severe in freshwater ecosystems - Contributing factor in 68% of fish extinctions in US and Mexico - Cost $137 billion/year in US alone - Numbers are increasing • BUT…most do not establish or have negative effects…

  21. Why are species introduced? • Food • Familiar or “superior” species • Enhancement (or creation) of fisheries • Manipulation of systems (biological control) • Accidental

  22. Accidental Introductions • Canal building • Ballast water • Bait bucket introductions • Hitchhiking on boats • Angler introduction • Aquarium escape • Aquaculture escape

  23. Invasive species that affect the ecology of native Wisconsin Fishes Pelagic planktivores - Alewife, Rainbow smelt, white perch, bythotrephes Benthic omnivores - round goby, rusty crayfish, common carp Pelagic piscivores – Pacific salmon, brown trout, rainbow trout Pelagic/benthic parasite – Sea lamprey Stream insectivores – brown trout, rainbow trout Pelagic filter-feeders – silver carp, bighead carp Benthic filter-feeders – zebra mussel, quagga mussel

  24. Steps to Invasiveness Colonization Establishment and Integration Adapted From Vander Zanden et al. 2004 Impact

  25. Impacts • Niche: the ecological role of a species in relation to other species and the non-biological environment •  The niche represents the range of conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce • The niche of a species in the absence of competition is called the fundamental niche. • The niche of a species in equilibrium with competitors is called the realized niche

  26. Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Realized niche Prey Consumed Fundamental Fundamental niche Realized Prey Size

  27. Impacts: Misunderstanding of Niche • Niche changes throughout life history • Forage fish can compete with/prey upon juvenile game fish (Example: smelt, alewives) • Introductions to fill “vacant” niches • Assumption: An organism will occupy the same habitats and roles in a new system as it does in native range • Not always true – organism may be bound geographically or ecologically in native range

  28. Impacts • Classic example of changes in realized niche: Opossum shrimp (Mysisrelicta) • Introduced to enhance fish populations • Detritus/phytoplankton feeder in native ecosystem (realized niche) • Niche expansion upon introduction lead to zooplankton depletion – eliminated food resources for populations it was supposed to enhance

  29. Impacts: Mechanisms Species level • Competition (interference: brown/brook trout exploitation: alewives/ coregonids) • Predator-Prey (Nile perch/ cichlids) • Parsite-Host(Crayfish) Community level • Trophic Cascade • Ecosystem Engineer (alters abiotic factors) • Hybidization

  30. Management of Invasive Species Eradication • Chemical control • Biological control • Mechanical control

  31. Management of Invasive Species Prevention • Risk analysis approaches that incorporate ecological, economic, and social welfare show that prevention is cost-effective • Predictions of invaders with the biggest impact, or predictions of which ecosystems are most vulnerable to a specific invader, are emerging as standard methods for directing management.

  32. Predictions of Invasive Species Mercado-Silva, N., J.D. Olden, J.T. Maxted, T.R. Hrabik, M.J. Vander Zanden. 2006. Forecasting the spread of invasive rainbow smelt in the Laurentian Great Lakes region of North America. Conservation Biology 20: 1740-1749.

  33. More predictions… 42% (1,369 km) identified as suitable (7% of state) 44% (8,878 km) identified as suitable Kornis, M.S., and Vander Zanden, M.J. 2010. Forecasting the distribution of the invasive round goby (Neogobisu melanostomus) in Wisconsin tributaries to Lake Michigan. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 67: 553-562.

  34. Conclusions • Invasive species are an increasingly important threat to native species and biodiversity • Invasive species affect native ecosystems through numerous pathways that are not mutually exclusive • Invasive species management is sometimes possible once the invader has established • Prevention of invasions is key for future management

  35. Break

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