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North, Central, and South America

Explore the native empires of North, Central, and South America, including the North American empires, the Southwest USA tribes, the Eastern Woodland tribes, and the Central and South American empires. Learn about the European colonization, including the Spanish and French explorers, and the issues faced by Mexico, such as political change and emigration.

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North, Central, and South America

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  1. North, Central, and SouthAmerica

  2. Native Empires • North American Empires • Southwest USA • Hohokam • 300-500 AD • Irrigation systems to survive in desert • Pueblo • Adobe homes made of sun dried bricks • Plains • Sioux, ect • Teepee’s to hunt buffalo • Eastern Woodland • Hopewell • Mount builders, 300-500 BC • Mississippians • Lived along the Mississippi RIver

  3. Native Empires • Central and South America • Olmec • 1200-400 BC (oldest) • Mexico, farming society • Maya • Yucatan Peninsula to El Salvador • Gifted in math and science • Multiple Gods

  4. Native Empires • Central and South America • Aztec • Warriors who settled @ Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) • Grew in power…1400 AD had more than 200,000 • Worshipped sun, life dominated by military • Inca • Andes Mountains of South America • By 1400 stretched from Peru to Chile • Very smart (roads, forts, irrigation) • Made a common language (Quechua)

  5. European Colonization • Spanish • Theme: • explore the Caribbean, Central, and South America. • Initially looking for a route to Asia, they turned to finding gold/sliver. • Christopher Columbus • First explorer from Spain • Trying to find the East Indies (India) for trade • Ponce de Leon • Explored Florida

  6. European Colonization • Spanish cont.. • Francisco Pizarro • Led expedition into South America (Peru to Chile) • Destroyed the Inca’s • Hernan Cortes • Captured Aztec leader Montezuma • Brought small pox to the Aztec..destroyed them • Results of Spanish • Native life was destroyed by small pox • Immediate wealth for Spain (Silver and Gold) • Slavery began to grow…eventually Africans were used

  7. European Colonization • France • Theme: • During the 1500s, the French colonized northern North America (Canada). • Began early settlements that centered on fur trade • Jacques Cartier • Early Explorer • Samuel de Champlain • Founded Quebec • Robert Cavelier de La Salle • Sailed down the Mississippi River

  8. European Colonization • France cont.. • Marquette and Joliet • Explored Upper Midwest • Julien Dubuque • First European in Iowa • Louis XIV • French Ruler for 62 years….strengthened France but led to more instability with other countries. • Eventually France’s continual wars made it difficult for them to control land in the Americas

  9. European Colonization • Portugal • Theme: Was the first country to begin exploring a way to get to India by sea • Early explorers gained control on islands around India • Eventually lost strength, invaded by Spain. • Brazil became the only part of the America’s where they were able to continue to control. • Map on 396-397

  10. United States Imperialism • Imperialism • When powerful countries try to dominate weaker countries; usually to try to get resources or power • US Interests • Why: Lot of interest of goods from Latin America • Spanish-American War • 1898; fighting over Cuba • US declared war after the Maine was sunk and Spanish refused to leave Cuba (American economic interest) • Quick victory for the United States

  11. United States Imperialism • US Interests in Panama • Why: Create a canal that would prevent ships from making the 13,000 mile trip around South America • Panama won its freedom and the United States began to build with Panama Canal in 1914 • Great Engineering Feat: • Power Shovels and Other Machines • Discovered that mosquitoes caused yellow fever

  12. Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico • Independence • Revolts against Spain began in 1810 • In 1823, rebels overthrew General Inturbide, making Mexico a republic. • Modern Revolution • Porfirio Diaz: Dictator for 1880-1910, most people very poor • Revolt followed by several years of civil war and unrest • Pancho Villa: • Rebel leader who decided to attack America cities • US Military got involved in Mexico…until getting involved in WWI • Mexico remained unstable

  13. Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico cont… • PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) • Had firm control over the government from WWII to 1970. • Economy • 1970’s: huge gains because of new found oil • 1980’s: borrowed too much $ and the world oil boom decreased • 1985: 10,000 people died in a Mexico City earthquake • 1990s: More problems until government spending cuts helped spur recovery. (President Clinton also gave Mexico a billion dollar aid package)

  14. Independence, Histories and Issues • Mexico cont.. • Emigration • Because of awful economic conditions, hundreds of thousands of Mexicans have left Mexico for USA • This has caused problems for both countries • Political Change • In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency (had it since 1929) • Issues today • Drug related violence and trade has increased dramatically

  15. Independence, Histories and Issues • Canada • Independence • Both British settlers in Ontario and French settlers in Quebec dislike foreign British control • Instead of fighting the people of Canada (like they did with US colonists), the British decided to give people rights. • By 1848 GB gave Canada the power to govern themselves • 1867: Four provinces (similar to American States)were created (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) • Gold and westward movement led to all the Provinces being created by 1905. (Map on 606)

  16. Independence, Histories and Issues • Canada cont.. • Relationship w/ USA • Very strong after WWII • Both US and Canada worked on DEW line to protect from Soviet Airstrikes • Both USA and Canada became leaders in NATO and UN • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) • This eliminated tariffs between countries (controversial) • Exports • Ag related, minerals, industries • Quebec • French dominated province of Canada • Continue to vote to separate from Canada.

  17. Independence, Histories and Issues • Causes of Anger in Central/South America • Charles III of Spain wanted to gain more control of the lands in Central and South America • These changes benefited Spain while causing problems throughout Central and South America • Simon Bolivar: Leader of multiple revolutions against Spanish rule throughout Central and South America • Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin and Bernardo O Higgins had all spent time in Europe and North America..giving them ideas Independence and Enlightenment • Map (623)

  18. Independence, Histories and Issues • Haiti • Controlled by France (Napoleon) • Slave and free mulattoes revolt during French Rev • In 1804, Haiti became the first independent country in Latin America • Bloodless Revolutions • Argentina: Won freedom in 1810 • Paraguay: Won freedom in 1811

  19. Independence, Histories and Issues • Conflict • Simon Bolivar (“The Liberator”) • Started a revolt in Venezuela area in 1810 (Gran Colombia) • By 1821, the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama were all free from Spain • San Martin and O’Higgins • Drove the Spanish out of Chile • Finally able to drive the Spanish out of Peru and Bolivia • Brazil • Declared independence from Portugal in 1822 (Dom Pedro I and II) • Uruguay

  20. Early 20th Century Latin America • Industries • Oil and other mined materials were found in many countries in Central and South America • Social • Rapid Growth of Cities • Mexico City, Rio de Janerio, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires • Political • Many countries struggled with competing political parties • Great Depression led to awful economic times and many government overthrows • USA • Tried to stay out of the affairs of Latin America during the 1930s. • Created over compromise on land dispute between Argentina and Brazil

  21. Late 20th Century Latin American Issues • Economics • 2 Ways to grow: Develop national industries or invite foreign companies to do business • Monoculture: Relying on 1 or 2 groups or minerals for exporting. This has hurt Latin American countries • Some larger countries were able to quit importing some goods and began producing themselves. • Debt: By the 1980s, most Latin American countries had went into debt. In the 1970s, countries borrowed to build industry…couldn’t pay it back • Began to print more money…which led to inflation • NAFTA and Mercosur: Trade agreements to help each other out.

  22. 20th Century Latin America cont. • Population • Huge increase since WWII. Population has tripled by the mid 1990s. Expected to continue to grow until mid 2020s. • More than 1/3 of people live in poverty…and that number keeps growing. • Cities have grown the fasted, which has caused many problems. Pollution is also a problem with overcrowding • Women’s Rights • Women first got the right to vote in 1961 and have become more of a powerful force.

  23. Independence, Histories and Issues • Cuba • Cuba was close with the USA until 1950s • Fidel Castro • Won control of Cuba in 1959 from Fulgencio Batista • Castro’s government began to veer towards communism • Communism is where the government has complete control over everything • Not supported by all Cubans (especially upper class) • Bay Of Pigs • An organized attempt to train Cuban refugees to overthrown Castro’s government • Huge failure for the Kennedy Administration

  24. Independence, Histories and Issues • Cuba cont… • Relationship w/ USSR • Castro allowed the USSR to build nuclear missile sites on Cuba • This led to the Cuban Missile Crisis • Castro’s Influence • Tried to influence other Latin American countries to become communist • Recent History • Cuba was economically dependent on USSR due to US trade restrictions • After USSR collapse, Cuba has had a poor economy, which led to many people trying to leave the country • Relationship has gotten a little better with the US over the last few years

  25. Independence, Histories and Issues • Puerto Rico • Relationship with USA • Became tight with USA in 1898 after Spanish American War • In 1917 became a US territory • By 1947, Puerto Rico had own government and people were citizens of the USA • Today it is considered a commonwealth of the USA • Big debate is whether it should be added as 51st state

  26. Independence, Histories and Issues • Dominican Republic and Haiti • Shares the island with neighbor Haiti • Dominica Republic History • Lots of problems keeping a stable government throughout early history (1930-1960) • Recently: More democracy and an up and down economic situation since 1966. Reliant on sugar and tourism • Haiti History • Was the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere thanks to poor rule during the 1960s. • Jean-Bertrand Aristide became first elected president in 1990 • Horrible earthquake in 2010.

  27. Independence, Histories and Issues • Smaller Countries • Jamaica became first smaller country to get independence, soon followed by Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago (all from GB) • Grenada, Antigua/Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia all gained independence in the early 1980s • Grenada: Revolution in the early 1980s that the US had to help out in.

  28. Central America Issues • General theme: • Economic growth after WWII only benefited a small segment of the population in most countries • Nicaragua • Revolution against the government was led by a group called the Sandinistas (friends with Cuba/communism) • Opposition to the Sandinistas grew in the USA during 1980s • Contras: US funded group that began a guerilla war to overthrow the Sandinistas. • By 1990, the Sandinistas lost power. Nicaragua has not really recovered from the conflict.

  29. Central America Issues • El Salvador • Violence • The 1980s were marked by continual violence between different groups of people wanting power • By 1992, 80,000 had been killed • Has settled down recently • Panama • Canal • US Signed a treaty that gave Panama control of the Canal in 1999 • Bad Relationship w/ USA • Manuel Noriega (Dictator) was accused helping South Americans bring drugs to the USA. • He was captured and arrested by Bush Sr

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