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Topical Review: Colonial Era to 1800

Topical Review: Colonial Era to 1800. Political (Colonial Era –1763). European Renaissance The Reformation Quest for Empire Spanish French British Dutch Chesapeake Colonies Great PuritanMigration. Political (Colonial Era –1763). Colonial governments How democratic? How innovative?

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Topical Review: Colonial Era to 1800

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  1. Topical Review: Colonial Era to 1800

  2. Political (Colonial Era –1763) • European Renaissance • The Reformation • Quest for Empire • Spanish • French • British • Dutch • Chesapeake Colonies • Great PuritanMigration

  3. Political (Colonial Era –1763) • Colonial governments • How democratic? • How innovative? • Founding documents? • New England Confederation (1643-1654) • English Civil War • Proprietary and Restoration Colonies • Salutary Neglect • Trend towards centralization of Empire • Dominion of New England • Obstacles in America • Glorious Revolution in America • Georgia – buffer colony

  4. Economic (Colonial Era –1763) • Mercantilism • Expectations • Impact • Navigation Acts • Tobacco Culture of Chesapeake • Headright system • Indentured servitude/slavery • Economic diversity of New England • Cereal grain and livestock in Middle Colonies

  5. Social/Cultural (Colonial Era –1763) • Regional distinctions and similarities • Environment = economy and health (geographic determinism) • Religious backgrounds (cultural transference) • Democratic/deferential • Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649) • Religious declension – Halfway Covenant (1662) • Ethnic diversity • Enlightenment • Great Awakening

  6. Military/Diplomatic (Colonial Era –1763) • Spanish Armada (1588) • Imperial Wars/North American Wars • King William’s War (1689-1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • King George’s War (1739-1748) • Indian Wars • Powhatan Massacre (1622) (347, 1/3rd die) (1644) • Pequot War (1637) • King Philip’s War (1675-1676) (1 in 20 die) • French and Indian War/Albany Plan of Union

  7. Puritanism • John Calvin/Calvinism as inspiration • Doctrines • Reasons for Migration • Goals of Puritans • Great Migration • Values • Demise • Great Awakening • Revivalism/Itinerant Ministry • Impact • Successful?

  8. The Enlightenment • Foundations in Scientific Revolution • Descartes and Reason • Intellectual underpinnings • Intellectual freedom • Locke and the “tabula rasa” • Natural law • Deism • Impact on America

  9. Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to England • Prior to 1763 • Desire to centralize Empire • Governors • Proprietary Colonies • Trend to Royal Status by 1770s • Dominion of New England (1686-1689) • Board of Trade and Plantations (Privy Council) • Mercantilism • Failure to centralize (Salutary Neglect) • Distance • Global Nature • Problems at home and abroad (Wars for Empire/English Civil War/Glorious Revolution) • Frontier/rural conditions and foreign immigrants in America

  10. Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to England II. By 1750 • Colonists maturing politically, economically, and socially/culturally • Representative assemblies • 2 million people • Identity/unity? • Overall, Colonists still happy with English Empire • Some resentment toward second class citizenship • Some resentment of debt to British bankers

  11. Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to England • French and Indian War increases tensions • British concerns • American concerns • 1763 • British expect to enforce mercantilism • British expect to centralize empire • British expect to raise revenue in America • Americans resist British expectations • Reasons • Methods • Colonial Unity

  12. Objective Analysis of Colonial Relationship to England • British Reaction • Parliamentary supremacy • Repeal of Stamp Act • Repeal of Townshend Acts (except Tea) • Punishment of Massachusetts • Rebellion is consequence of failure on part of colonists to obtain desired reform and on Britain’s failure to accept federalism and reality • Lexington and Concord • Second Continental Congress and Declaration of Independence

  13. Colonial Expansion • Positives • West represents adventure, opportunity and freedom • Land is abundant – land=liberty/social mobility • Religious dissenters find tolerance and absence of church authority • Hard work (individualism and self reliance key to success) • Result: America is more tolerant, democratic, and mobile

  14. Colonial Expansion • Negatives • Poor transportation and communication • Life is hard, conditions are primitive • Indian menace • French hostilities • Speculators • East/West tension over representation, land policy, taxes, protection (Bacon, Leisler, Regulators, Paxton Boys) • Result: unity is difficult

  15. Colonial Expansion • British close frontier in 1763 • Treaty of Paris • British motive • American reaction • During Revolution • Western tribes fight with Britain • Treaty of 1783 fixes border at Mississippi • Confederation Era • Western land policy major accomplishment of Articles • Land Ordinance of 1785 • Northwest Ordinance of 1787

  16. Colonial Expansion • Western states begin empowering more white males • Shays’s Rebellion shows East/West tensions not solved • Government under Articles cannot: • Force British out of forts (encourage Indian hostilities) • Get spain to sign treaty allowing access to Mississippi River or right of deposit at New Orleans • New Constitution creates more powerful federal government • Pinckney Treaty, 1795 • Whiskey Rebellion, 1794

  17. Democracy in America 1750-1776 • How democratic were the colonies? • Democratic • Distance from England allows for autonomy and local control • New England town hall meetings • Colonial assemblies • American environment allowed for more mobility and democracy • Americans more tolerant • Impact of Great Awakening • Impact of the Enlightenment • American Revolution

  18. Democracy in America 1750-1776 • How democratic were the colonies? • Not very democratic • Patriarchy • Slavery • Poor are disfranchised • Deference, especially in South • South less democratic (ex. North Carolina)

  19. Topical Review: 1763-1800

  20. Political (1763-1800) • Political expectations of mother country/British system of government • Political motives for Revolution • Writs/privacy • Admiralty courts/jury • Denial of right to tax without representation • Sugar, Stamp, Townshend, Tea • Republicanism/self government

  21. Political (1763-1800) • Methods of American Resistance • Written letters, pamphlets, editorials, resolutions • Threats, intimidation, violence • Organizations • Sons/Daughters of Liberty; Stamp Act Congress;Continental Association; Committees of Correspondence; First and Second Continental Congresses • Boycott • Galloway plan/Olive Branch Petition • Declaration of Independence • Creation of state/federal governments • Process; similarities; radical/conservative victories

  22. Political (1763-1800) • Government policy favors westward expansion • Shays’s Rebellion=sign • Federalist Era • Establishment of new government/precedents; Bill of Rights; Rise of Political parties; Whiskey Rebellion; Alien and Sedition Acts; Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Rise of the two-party system (because domestic and foreign policy issues) • Judiciary Act 1789 • Washington’s Farewell Address • Demise of the Federalists • Revolution of 1800

  23. Economic (1763-1800) • Economic motives of mother country • Economic motives for Revolution • Economic problems during Confederation Era • Shays’s Rebellion; debt; interstate rivalries • Class/economic/geographic divisions between federalists and anti-federalists • Economic Interpretation of the Constitution – Beard • Hamilton’s Program – Four main parts/opposition response • Whiskey Rebellion • Cotton Gin

  24. Social/Cultural (1763-1800) • How revolutionary was the Revolution? • Blacks; women; common men • How united/how American? • Literature during period • Deism • Meritocracy/natural aristocracy

  25. The Constitution of 1787 • Reasons for: • No enforcement • Weak congress and military • Inability to amend • Debt/state rivalry • Who went to Philadelphia • Conservatives; nationalists; American leaders; wealthy/elite • The Debate: • Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan = Connecticut Plan/Great Compromise/Roger Sherman

  26. The Constitution of 1787 • The Document • Powers delegated • Powers denied states • Federalism • Separation of Powers • Checks and Balances • Republican government/virtue of people • Ratification debates • Federalists vs. Anti-federalists • The Federalist Papers • Bill of Rights

  27. Democracy in America 1760s-1800 • Does the Revolutionary Era greatly change America? (How “revolutionary” or “radical”?) • Democracy as concern for individual, natural rights and self-government • Yes • Radical patriots want more democracy at home and home rule • State constitutions reflect fear of centralized authority • Lower property requirements for voting (ex. Mass) • Increased religious freedom • Enlarge and empower lower branch of legislature

  28. Democracy in America 1760s-1800 • Appoint or elect more humble upper house (no blood ties; natural aristocracy) • Weaken executives (or get rid of!) • Lower or abolish primogeniture and entail • Make titles illegal • Expand public education (esp. in NE) • Include bills of rights • Women vote in New Jersey • Northern abolition of slavery; southern manumission • Radicals establish weak central government – want local control, distrust distant authority • Articles • No executive or courts; No tax or regulation of commerce; Weak congress; Weak military; Article II • States are empowered

  29. Democracy in America 1760s-1800 • No – America not more democratic after 1776 • Radicals make no legal provisions for women, free blacks, or slaves • No alleviation of East/West tension • Counterrevolution? of 1787 checks radical revolution of 1776 (Beard) • Stronger federal government • Check of mob democracy; protect interests of elite • But, all desire republican government; virtue/more faith lies within the people • Democratic ratification process • Bill of Rights • “Revolution” of 1800

  30. Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities (1750-1800) • Women • Expanded role on frontier • Ratio in South still reflects gender imbalance • Legal code favors men everywhere • No vote; no property ownership once married • Model traditional role in more established areas • “Republican Motherhood” (white, middle/upper class) • Overall: more choices; more options than English women • Remember Abigail Adams; Judith Sargent Murray

  31. Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities (1750-1800) • Blacks • Slavery=ultimate human degradation • 750,000 slaves • Only blacks/Indians • Legal in all colonies before 1776 • Frowned upon by Quakers • Not economic necessity in North, so fewer • 1776 tobacco market unstable and egalitarianism raised questions • Willing manumission; closing of African Slave Trade (1774 in RI; all by 1786); Northern Abolition • No state in south will abolish • Few win freedom for fighting in Revolution as promised

  32. Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities (1750-1800) • Blacks • “Slavery” not used in Constitution • 3/5’s Compromise • 1808 abolition of slave trade • Fugitive slave provision • Indians • Fought in imperial wars and Revolution • Capitalized on European rivalries; offered trade and hunting lands • Iroquois = British; Algonquin = French • Pontiac’s Rebellion • Fear of land encroachment causes tribes to fight against Americans in 1776 • After independence: not citizens; foreign entities; encroachment continues

  33. Impact of Revolutionary America on Minorities (1750-1800) • Non-Anglo immigrants • Scots, Scots-Irish, German, French Huguenots • Most settle in Middle Colonies or backcountry • Many disfranchised • Non-Protestant discrimination is high

  34. Development of Black Culture in Slavery • General factors • West African heritage – language, traditions, religion; retain some practices • Congo Square in New Orleans – Sunday meetings permitted (in other urban areas too) • Autonomy on larger plantations – gather and sustain traditional practices • Rebels: Stono (1739) Gabriel Prosser (1800), Nat Turner (1831), Denmark Vessy (1822), Amistad (1839) • blending influence with English, French, Spanish language, culture, religion

  35. Development of Black Culture in Slavery • Family • Emphasis on informal family arrangements • Community on large plantations; families aided by others, children cared for by all • Children raised primarily by mothers (breakup of family) • Broken up often keep contact, reunite after Civil War • Naming traditions of giving families different names than the imposed by slave owner

  36. Development of Black Culture in Slavery • Music • Instruments brought from Africa (banjo, fiddle, mandolin, gourds, drums; also clapping and free body expressions and dancing • Gospels, hymns, and spirituals evolve while working in field and expression of resistance and protest; Creole or pidgin English • Picked up practices from white churches and urban settings • Blues and jazz evolved out of slave music

  37. Development of Black Culture in Slavery • Oral Traditions • Heavy reliance developed; spread by conjurers and shamans thought to have spiritual or magical powers • Prohibitions of teaching literacy • Large plantations, slaves able to meet especially in evening – used to disseminate oral traditions and belief in liberation • Creole, pidgin English, Gullah dialect distinct language variations • Used folk tales and Bible to tech lessons about surviving under oppression

  38. Development of Black Culture in Slavery • Religion • Some brought from Africa and practiced in America • Blending traditions (voodoo), with Christianity, especially where slaves attended white churches • Free black preachers, rebel leaders, abolitionists formed Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts • Black churches begun in urban areas • Presented Christianity as demanding subservience and obedience, but interpreted as message of liberation • Understood Christ as ministering to the poor and oppressed not the rich and oppresive

  39. Topical Review: 1800-1860

  40. Political (1800-1860) • Trend towards increasing democracy • Jeffersonian; Jacksonian (symbol of common man/changes electoral politics) • Era of Good Feelings • Jacksonian/Antebellum Reform • Temperance; prison/asylum; education; utopian communities; women; abolition; Transcendentalism • Rebirth of two party system • Spoils System/nominating conventions/rotation • Nullification Crisis – Webster-Hayne Debate • Manifest Destiny/Indian Removal/Trail of Tears • Increasing nationalism/increasing sectionalism • Reasons/examples/impact

  41. Economic (1800-1860) • Violations of American shipping • Reasons/results • American reaction to War of 1812 • Tariff (1816); Second BUS; rise of manufacturing/decline of commerce • Overall prosperous why? • Expansion; King Cotton; population growth and urbanization in North; increasing technology (coal, improved transportation – canals, steamboats and rail at end of era, telegraph • Lowell, Waltham Mills – “putting out” • Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842

  42. Economic (1800-1860) • Jackson as anti-monopoly/special interest • American System (Clay, Whigs) • Tariffs of 1828,1832, 1833, 1846 • Marshall court to 1835 • Taney court – pro states rights (Charles River Bridge v. Warren River Bridge) • Killing of the BUS • California Gold Rush • Economic Sectionalism • Panics – 1837, 1857

  43. Social/Cultural (1800-1860) • Rise of public schools and private universities; instill American values • Literary nationalism and romanticism – Irving, Cooper, Longfellow, “Fireside” poets • Transcendentalism • Individualism; self-reliance; non-conformity; intuition • Know God through nature • Active in abolition and other reforms • Emerson, Thoreau • Intellectual Independence

  44. Social/Cultural (1800-1860) • Second Great Awakening • Finney, Channing – Unitarianism • Response to rationalism and deism • Perfectibility of man • Art is romantic too • Hudson River School reflects nature, noble savage; nature=awesome • Frederic Church, Audubon Society • Theater/minstrel shows popular • Rise of Mormons (1830, NY) • Joseph Smith, Killed in Nauvoo, IL • Brigham Young, Mormon Trek, 1847 (perfectibility)

  45. Social/Cultural (1800-1860) • Nativism • Reaction to Irish and German immigration in 1830s-50s • Know-Nothings (American Party) • Discrimination, especially against Irish • Urbanization slowly beginning; poor conditions in cities

  46. Civil War • Reasons for: • Expansion led to tension over slavery expansion • States rights vs. Nationalism/federalism • Abolition movement led to tension over morality of slavery (Positive Good) • Economic and cultural divergence of North and South

  47. Civil War • Key events leading to: • Colonial economies, Declaration, Constitutional debates, political/economic and cultural sectionalism • Missouri Compromise 1820 • Nullification Crisis 1832 • Texas Annexation 1836-45 • Mexican Cession 1848 • Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852, Slavery as it is (Weld), The Impending Crisis of the South (Helper) • Gadsden Purchase 1853/transcontinental railroad/Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

  48. Civil War • Key events leading to: • Division of Democratic Party and rise of Republican party 1854-60 (sectional parties) • Bleeding Kansas/John Brown at Potawatomie Creek/Lecompton Constitution • Sumner/Brooks Affair • Dred Scott Decision 1857 • Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 • John Brown’s Raid 1859 • Election of Lincoln 1860 • Secession of South Carolina 1860, six others in early 1861, four others after Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers in late 1861

  49. Civil War • Key battles: • Sumter; border states; Lincoln’s call for troops • Manassas • Shiloh • Antietam • Gettysburg • Atlanta • Wilderness-Appomattox • Trent Affair/British and French support • Emancipation Proclamation 1863

  50. Topical Review: 1875-1900

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