CHAPTER 15 THE FERMENT OF REFORM AND CULTURE AP US HISTORY

1. CHAPTER 15 THE FERMENT OF REFORM AND CULTURE AP US HISTORY

2. Alexis de Tocqueville French man who came to America to judge American jails Wrote Democracy in America In America, women were put on a pedestal In France, if you raped a woman you were just slapped on the wrist, in America you were put to death “No country in the world where the Christian religion retains a greater influence over the souls of men than in America” AMERICA TODAY? “America is great, because America is good; when she ceases to be good, she will cease to be great” EARLY AMERICA 1800’S

3. DEISM AND UNITARIANISM America had seen in the early 1800s a weakening in its focus on religion Brought about by deism and Unitarian beliefs UNITARIANISM DEISM • Believed in God as one person (opposed God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit) • Believed in free will--not predestined • Stressed goodness of man, love of God rather than man’s sinfulness and God’s strictness • Ralph Waldo Emerson famous Unitarian • Belief that God did create Heaven and Earth, but… • Denied Christ divinity • Did not believe in original sin, that you were born pure

4. SECOND GREAT AWAKENING CAMP MEETINGS Became perhaps the most important era in history of American religion Hundreds of thousands became “born again” Christians Shattered and reorganized churches and new sects Revivals held outside--main method of preaching Baptists and Methodists gained the most from the Second Great Awakening--became the two largest Protestant denominations

5. PETER CARTWRIGHT CHARLES FINNEY Greatest of the revival preachers Brought two new ideas: Anxious bench--people would set in front of you and tell you they sinned First to say women should pray outside in public Famous “circuit rider” or traveling preacher LEADERS OF SECOND GREAT AWAKENING

6. NEW RELIGIOUS SECTS Most came out of area in New York known as “Burned Over District” Millerites Led by William Miller who told the people that Christ would return back to earth on Oct 22, 1844 Mormons Mormons--see next slide!!!

7. THE MORMONS Founder of Mormon’s in the 1830’s Said he supposedly received 2 golden plates from angels and from that they made the Book of Mormon Mormon’s also called The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Believed in polygamy--have more than one wife at a time Joseph and his brother were killed, probably b/c of polygamy Joseph Smith Took over Mormon’s after death of Smith Took Mormons out west to Utah and Salt Lake City where they established their colony Brigham Young had 27 wives and 56 children Practice of polygamy caused Utah to be one of the last states to joint Union Brigham Young

8. ERA OF REFORMS • Most reforms were driven by evangelical religion • Women were the most important in reform crusades • Major reform issues included • Abolition of slavery • Temperance • Women’s Rights • Education • Mental institutions • Prisons • Debtor’s Prisons • War (sought to end all wars) How can I remember them all??? “A Totally Wicked Elephant Made People Devour Worms”

9. EDUCATION “A nation that was both ignorant and free, declared never was and never will be.” --Thomas Jefferson People started believing in paying taxes for public schooling Education lagged behind in the South Teachers were mostly men but Catherine Beecher encouraged women to become teachers Horace Mann 1st reformer of education Believed in more schools, expanded curriculum, higher pay for teachers, longer school terms “Schoolmaster of the Republic” Helped create reading textbooks that expressed patriotism Noah Webster Created McGuffey Readers that expressed morality, patriotism, and idealism

10. HIGHER EDUCATION Emma Willard Started first female college for women State supported universities began to develop First state supported college was the University of North Carolina Women were not to be educated past grade school --many thought would hurt the female mind, health Troy Female Seminary Mary Lyon Lyceums How adults became educated Mt. Holyoke

11. MENTAL REFORMS DOROTHEA DIX Reformer most associated with helping mentally handicapped

12. PRISON AND DEBTOR REFORM We quit putting people in jail for not having money We quit whipping and branding people Jails were becoming places for reform instead of just punishment

13. AMERICAN TEMPERANCE SOCIETY--first organized attempt to control alcohol consumption COLD WATER ARMY--kids would ask relatives to drink cold water instead of alcohol Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There Written by TS Walker Neal Dow Promoted ‘teetotalism’--totally against alcohol Passed Maine Laws--prohibited the manufacturing and sale of alcohol--Maine became first dry state “Father of Prohibition” Temperance Reform

14. WOMEN’S RIGHTS In the early 1800s, women could not vote, and could be beaten by their husbands FAMOUS WOMEN: Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell--1st female doctor Myra Bradwell--1st female lawyer Margaret Fuller--became editor of a news journal called The Dial Grimke Sisters--Sarah and Angelina--from South and against slavery and for women’s rights Lucy Stone--retained her maiden name when married Amelia Bloomer--1st women to wear “turkish” pants (Bloomers) 1848 First women’s rights convention Held in New York at Seneca Falls Issued Declaration of Sentiments saying “All men and women created equal” Launched women’s rights movement SENECA FALLS CONVENTION

15. LUCRETTIA MOTT ELIZABETH CADY STANTON SUSAN B. ANTHONY Main leader in the WR Movement Followers known as Susan B’s Main leader in the WR Movement Refused to use the word “obey” in marriage vows Quaker who fought for women’s rights and against slavery WOMEN’S RIGHTS REFORMERS

16. ATTEMPTS AT UTOPIA Robert Owen Oneida Believed in free love Practice eugenics Practiced birth control through abstinence New Harmony Shakers Brook Farm Didn’t believe in marriage or sex

17. Great painter of birds Audubon Society--formed for the preservation of birds Famous book: Birds of America JOHN J. AUDUBON

18. 1800’S MEDICINE Medicine still very primitive; still bleeding people Life expectancy low in early America Medicines not so safe… “If we took all the medicines we had, and threw them in the sea, humans will be better off and fish will be worse off”--Oliver Wendell Holmes Suffering from teeth aches For surgeries, give a drink of whiskey and start sawing as fast as possible About 1840, some doctors and dentists start using “laughing gas” and either

19. Gilbert Stuart Charles Wilson Peale John Trumbell HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL OF ART Group of American artists that started painting American landscapes FAMOUS PAINTERS

20. KNICKERBOCKER WRITERS Washington Irving Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Last of the Mohicans Deer Slayer Wm. Cullen Bryant Writer of poems “Meditation on Death”

21. TRANSCENDENTALISM Famous works included Self-Reliance and The American Scholar “We will walk with our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will walk on our own feet; we will speak our own minds” Famous work: Leaves of Grass Whitman known as “Poet Laureate of Democracy” Famous work: Civil Disobedience and Walden”Life in the Woods Civil Disobedience--taught nonviolence--opposition to Mexican War Influenced several people include Ghandi and MLK Very difficult to define--belief that truth and knowledge comes from within, every person possesses an inner light This inner light comes through the senses Believed in self-reliance, individualism, and self-discipline THREE FAMOUS TRANSCENDENTALISTS Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Ralph Waldo Emerson

22. OTHER FAMOUS NAMES Stephen Foster White Northerner famous for black Southern songs like My Ol’ Kentucky Home James Russell Lowell Wrote Biglow Papers; written in opposition to Mexican War

23. OTHER FAMOUS NAMES Louisa May Alcott Writes Little Women Emily Dickinson Writer of lots of poems; becomes famous after death

24. Literary dissenters Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Raven Fall of the House of Usher Scarlet Letter Moby Dick