Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry Chapter 3

2. Water • polar compound  one end is slightly negative while the other is slightly positive • results from unequal sharing of electrons • molecule itself is neutral

3. Water • hydrogen bonding  attraction that holds different water molecules together • the slightly negative O is attracted to the slightly positive H of another molecule

5. Water • cohesion  attractive force of particles of same kind (stick together) • adhesion  attractive forces between 2 particles of different substances (stick to other things)

6. Water • capillary action the movement of water up through small tubes, against the force of gravity • Heat sink it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water

7. Carbon Compounds • Most important element for living things • Can make 4 bonds because it has only 4 electrons on the outer shell

8. Carbon Compounds • Functional groups clusters of atoms that influence theproperties of the molecules they compose  molecules with the same functional groups act similar  Ex: hydroxyl, amine

9. Carbon Compounds • Monomers simple molecules that join together to make large compounds Ex: monosaccharides, amino acids • Polymers several monomers joined together to form complex molecules Ex: polysaccharides, proteins

10. Carbon Compounds • Macromolecules very large polymers Ex: DNA

11. Condensation reaction Dehydration synthesis • Reaction that links monomers  Removes a water molecule  take an H+ from one molecule & a OH- from another  make polymers

14. Hydrolysis reaction • Reaction that breaks apart polymers by addition of a water molecule  one molecule gets an H+ & one gets OH –  It is used to turn ATP into ADP

16. ATP & ADP • ATP has 3 phosphates (adenosine triphosphate) • ADP has 2 phosphates (adenosine diphosphate)  hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP to make ADP  this releases a great deal of energy  cells use the energy released to function & live

19. Molecules for Life • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

20. Carbohydrates made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen • Monosaccharides monomer – it is a single unit  3 types - Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose  all 3 have same chemical formula C6H12O6  they have different structural formulas (shape)  molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers

21. Carbohydrates 2. Disaccharides  are two monosaccharides joined  Ex: Sucrose 3. Polysaccharides • many monosaccharides are joined Plants store starch Animals store glycogen

22. Proteins • contain C H O N •  made up of Amino Acids (monomers) Peptide bonds join amino acids 20 different amino acids •  dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together • polypeptide – long chain of amino acids - usually bent or folded - shape will change because of heat, acidity, & other factors

23. Proteins • Enzymes  special proteins that are biological catalyst  lock & key fit with enzyme & substrate  substrate – is the substance that binds to enzyme  substrate changes enzyme does not

24. Lipids  large non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in water  fatty acids (monomers) Have a water loving end – hydrophilic Polar end Has a water fearing end – hydrophobic Non-polar end

25. Lipids • Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a glycerol • Saturated – unhealthy • Solid at room temp • Unsaturated – healthy • Liquid at room temp

26. Trigylcerides

27. Saturated vs Unsaturated

28. Lipids • Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a glycerol • Make up cell membranes

29. Lipids • Wax – long chain fatty acids • Plant leaf covers & ears • Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring instead of a chain Ex: cholesterol, testosterone & estrogen

30. Steroids

31. Nucleic Acids • large molecules that store genetic information •  DNA info for cell functions •  RNA info for making proteins •  Nucleotides (monomers) made of • Phosphate group • Sugar • Nitrogen Base

32. Neucleotide