Biochemistry

1. Biochemistry

2. Periodic Table Brief history of P.T. (3:39) The genius of Mendeleev (4:24) First functional one developed by ____________ ______________in 1869. What’s its primary purpose?

3. Biochemistry The study of the substances and __________ processes which occur in ________ ___________.

4. Chemical Equations What is this?? • Copy this equation and write down everything you know about it: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

5. The Atom ατομοσ • The term “atom” comes from the Greek word atomos, which means “unable to be ______”. • First coined by Greek philosopher ___________ 2500 years ago.

6. Subatomic Particles • Three main subatomic particles • What are they? • What are their charges? • Neutrality of atoms – What causes this? • How small is an atom? (5:27) • You can't touch anything! (5:29)

7. Element A pure substance consisting entirely of one type of _______

8. Isotopes Isotopes of hydrogen Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of ___________ (See Fig 2-2 on p. 36.)

9. Compound Chemical structure of NaCl Substance formed by the chemical union of two or more ___________

10. Chemical Formula • Way of showing the chemical ______________ of a compound (C6H12O6) • It tells us (1) the _____________ in the compound and (2) their __________ (how many atoms there are of each element).

11. Ionic Bond Bond formed when one or more electrons are _____________ from one atom to another

12. Covalent Bond Bond formed when electrons are __________ between atoms; stronger and far more common in organisms than ionic Ionic and covalent bonds (1:57)

13. Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds form when a _____ atom covalently bonds to an O or N atom in another molecule. H bonds form because the larger atoms (with more protons) pull the _____ from the H atoms closer to them, making them partially _____ and the H atoms partially _____. H bonding (:56)

14. Van der Waals Force Gecko's foot Slight attraction that develops between ____________ ____________ regions of molecules (mainly ______ molecules) Van der Waals and the gecko (8:22)

15. Surface Tension Surface tension is a property of the _____ of a _____ that allows it to resist an external force due to cohesive forces. Surface tension (1:24)

16. Cohesion BELLY FLOP!! Attraction between molecules of the ___________ substance

17. Adhesion Notice how the water adheres to the glass and forms a ________. Attraction between molecules of _____________ substances; makes life possible – How??

18. Solution • Even distribution of a solute in a ________ • Example: Saltwater (Salt is the ______ and water is the _______.)

19. Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture of undissolved _________ in a solvent

20. pH Scale • Indicates the concentration of ______ ___________ in a solution • Acid – any compound that forms _____ _________ in a solution (________ on pH scale) • Base – any compound that forms ______ __________ in solution (________ on pH scale) • Buffers – weak _______or ________ that counteract strong acids or bases to prevent sudden, sharp changes in ______

21. Versatility of Carbon • The study of all compounds containing carbon is called __________ ___________. • Has four valance ___________ that can covalently bond with electrons of other atoms • It readily combines with other _________ atoms to form straight and branching _________ and will also form _________. • Forms single, double, and triple _______

22. Versatility of Carbon

23. PNCL Park • Proteins: Always made of an __________ group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and an R-group. • The _____ __________ is what differentiates an amino acid. (See Fig. 2-16 on p. 47.) • Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and _______________ production. • _________ ________are the building blocks. • End with –ine (ex: valine) • CHON • When in doubt, say . . .  • What do proteins do? (1:36)

24. PNCL Park • Nucleic acids: formed from ___________, which consist of a 5-carbon ____________, a ________________ group, and a nitrogenous base • They store and transmit ___________ information. • Two kinds of nucleic acids: ______ and _______ • PONCH

25. PNCL Park • Carbohydrates: formed from C, H, and O most often in the ratio of _________ (glucose – C6H12O6) • Main source of __________ • Made from ________(Sugars end in –ose.) • Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides • Cellulose – most abundant organic chemical on Earth (polysaccharide) • CHO

26. PNCL Park • Lipids: Large, mostly insoluble molecules • Fats, oils, and waxes • Used to store _________and make up important parts of membranes, especially _______ membrane • Formed when a _____________ combines with a _______ acid • Saturated and ____________ • CHO

27. Chemical Reactions Processes that ___________one set of chemicals into another

28. Chemical Reactions • Reactant – element or compound that _________ a chemical reaction • Product - element or compound _____________ by a chemical reaction • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (_________) (__________)

29. Enzymes • Biological (organic) catalysts that _________ up chemical __________by lowering the activation ___________ • End with –________ and their name is related to the compound they act upon • Example: lactase – speeds up the reaction that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into the monosaccharidesgalactose and glucose • Introduction to enzymes (4:46) • Speeding up chemical reactions (4:50)

30. Enzymes • Affected by temp and pH. • Temp and pH can change the _________ of the enzymes (_____________), making them non-functional. • Protein (enzyme) denaturation (3:55)