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The Hellenic Age of Ancient Greece

The Hellenic Age of Ancient Greece. The Rise of the City-State and Greek Culture. Rise of the City-State. The Greek Dark Ages ran from 1100 BC to ≈ 800/750 BC. The brief era of re-birth was known as the Archaic Period of the Hellenic age.

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The Hellenic Age of Ancient Greece

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  1. The Hellenic Age of Ancient Greece The Rise of the City-State and Greek Culture

  2. Rise of the City-State • The Greek Dark Ages ran from 1100 BC to ≈ 800/750 BC. • The brief era of re-birth was known as the Archaic Period of the Hellenic age. • During the late Dark Ages (900-800 BC) There was a revival of the Greek economy • Also there was a cultural and political revival.

  3. Rise of the City-State • The Greek Dark Ages ended around 750 BC. • Following that the city-state or polis became the central focus of Greek life. The Ruins at Delphi

  4. Rise of the City-State • Various Greek City-States and their Governments: • Thebes & Monarchy • Corinth & Plutocracy • Delphi & Theocracy • Athens & Democracy • Sparta & Aristocracy

  5. Rise of the City-StateWhy the City-State? • Cities were separated by mountains and bodies of water which kept them from uniting into one country. • Instead of one ruler for all of the city-states together, the Greeks preferred having their own government in their own community. • The main gathering place in Greek city-states was a fortified hill top called an acropolis. Below was the agora, an open area for people to assemble and for a market place.

  6. The City-State • City-states varied in size, some were a few square miles to a few hundred square miles. • Populations varied by size of the cities. • Overall, the Polis was a community of like-minded people with common goals.

  7. The City-State • Only adult males had rights within the Polis. • Slaves, agricultural laborers, and resident aliens also had no rights. • City-States distrusted one another, and were extremely patriotic. • i.e. people who lived in Athens, were Athenians, not Greeks.

  8. The City-State • All Greek colonies were established as city-states as well. • City-states popped up all over the Mediterranean as the Greeks settled. • The most notable of these colonized city-states was Byzantium. • The colonies of Greece supplied the mainland with numerous resources not available within Greece.

  9. The City-State • Aristocrats eventually began to control power within the city-states. • The men that took complete control of the city-states were known as Tyrants. • Tyrant was the Greek name for anybody with absolute control. • Most Greek tyrants were beloved rulers.

  10. The City-States • Tyrants were wealthy, land owning citizens of their cities. • Eventually the power of tyrants came to an end, in favor of other forms of government. Map of Greek & Phoenician Colonies.

  11. Sparta • Dominant city-state of the Peloponnesus. • Their Greek name was the Lacedaimonions (Lakedaimwnio)

  12. Spartathe Military • Sparta was a military culture. • Men fought in the summer and rested in the winter, every year. • First in Greece to have a professional army. • Spartan and Greek soldiers alike were called hoplites. • Spartans were the first to perfect the phalanx.

  13. Spartathe Military • Spartan soldiers were well-trained. • Taken from the age of seven to begin training for battle. • Soldiers served from the age of 7 to 60. • Soldiers were granted citizenship at the age of 30.

  14. Spartathe Military • The Spartan training camp was the called the Agoge. • Men trained, ate, slept, and died together from the age of seven. • Recruits were forced to steal, kill, and become immune to pain, all to be better soldiers.

  15. Spartathe Military • The Phalanx was the arrangement of men in battle. • Men used their shields to guard the man to their left, from thigh to neck. • Spears were the primary weapon in a phalanx, swords were secondary.

  16. Spartathe Military • A proper marching Phalanx formation.

  17. Spartathe Military • This is the proper Spartan phalanx in battle:

  18. Spartathe Military • A Spartan Hoplite: • Wielded a Hoplon • Was 36” in diameter • Roughly 18 lbs. • Swords had 27” blade, 6” hilt • Only leaders had plumes • Plumes were made from colorful horse hair. • Armor was either bronze or brass.

  19. Spartathe Military • The Spartans used two different types of swords: • The Spartans used two different types of swords: This is a Falcutta, used by the Spartans in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC. This is a standard Greek sword used by the Hoplites.

  20. Spartathe Military • Sparta’s Most Notable leader was King Leonidas • Son of King Anaxandridas II. • He was the 17th King of Sparta • Famous for his “Last Stand” at Thermopylae.

  21. Spartathe City-State • Sparta also had a rich and diverse culture • All citizens were given a basic education unlike Athens. • Women and slaves (Helots) enjoyed more freedom than most. • But the military and the culture led to what is known as the Spartan Mirage.

  22. Spartathe City-State • Helots were people who had been taken prisoner during war and forced into slavery. • Helots farmed the soil and were forced to give part of their crops to their master. This angered the slaves and led to occasional rebellions. • 25,000 Spartan citizens had defend themselves against a revolt by 500,000 “helots.” • Once a year, Spartans declared war on the helots, thereby giving them an excuse to kill suspected troublemakers.

  23. Spartathe City-State • The women of Sparta lived a much freer life than women elsewhere. • Along with boys, Spartan women went away to school at age 7 to learn survival skills, wrestling, and gymnastics • Returned home at 18 to marry and raise a family • Women were also allowed to own businesses and property – they owned more than 1/3 of Spartan property.

  24. Spartathe City-State • The Spartan government was an oligarchy, a government ruled by a small group of people • Ruled by 2 kings • Both of which led the Spartans into battle • 5 ephors overlooked education and the conduct of citizens • These men were elected officials

  25. Spartathe City-State • Art and science didn’t really thrive in Sparta • The Art of War was the only thing Spartans cared about • War led to a life of honor and glory, and ideal that carried over from the heroic age. • Most Spartans thought that the kings were descendants of Heracles.

  26. Athensthe City-State • Athens is by far the most famous Greek City-State. • Primary City-State in the Greek area known as Attica

  27. Athensthe City-State • Up until the 5th century BC, aristocrats ruled Athens. • Eventually they grew tired or political turmoil and elected a leader. • The first single man to control Athens was Solon. • Solon was very reform oriented, and helped change Athens.

  28. Athensthe City-State • Around 510 BC, the Athenians rid themselves of an unpleasant tyrant and put Cleisthenes into political power. • He created a council of 500 male citizens that overlooked all of aspects of Athenian life. • Helped create the foundations for the soon to be Athenian democracy.

  29. Athensthe City-State A bust of Solon A bust of Cleisthenes

  30. Athensthe City-State • Eventually Athens enters into an Alliance known as the Delian League. • Called this because it was located on the island of Delos. • Athens was the city-state that controlled everything • Athens controlled the treasury as well as the military of the Delian League. • By entering into the alliance, Athens had built an empire.

  31. Athensthe City-State • Eventually a benevolent Tyrant named Pericles came to power. • Athens flourished under his guidance. • This is known as the Age of Pericles. • Otherwise known as the Athenian Golden Age.

  32. Athensthe City-State • Pericles had created the first democracy, a direct democracy, in which every male citizen got a vote. • Males met every ten days to discuss laws, taxes, politics, etc. • Also created a practice of ostracism. • This was the practice of expelling any political figure in disfavor for 10 years.

  33. Athensthe City-State Artist’s rendering of Pericles in Sid Meyer’s Civilization IV Most famous bust of Pericles

  34. Athensthe City-State • Under Pericles, Athens had established itself as the hub of the Greek world. • Pericles commissioned the building of the Parthenon, as well as numerous other public works projects.

  35. Athensthe City-State The Parthenon was built as a temple to Athena. Athena was the patron goddess of Athens.

  36. Athensthe Military • The Athenians weren’t a land military power like Sparta. The Athenian army ruled the seas. • Athens had a exceptionally trained navy. • This was due to Athens being a semi port city, and Sparta was landlocked.

  37. Athensthe Military • The crown jewel of the Athenian navy was the Trireme. • Called a trireme because it had three levels of rowers • It was roughly 131 ft. long and 20 ft. wide.

  38. Athensthe Military • The Athenian fleet never exceeded more than 250 triremes, but didn’t need anymore. • The purpose of a Trireme was to ram opposing ships. • The ram was made of solid bronze.

  39. War with Persia • The Persian Empire had always been a bother to the Greeks and vice-versa • The Greek colonies in Ionia were under Persian control and the Ionians revolted around 499 BC. • The Athenians aided in the revolt • The Persian king Darius manages to squash the rebellion, but it leaves him bitter.

  40. War with Persia • In 490, Darius tries to invade Greece. • Crosses the Aegean sea • Darius tried to invade mainland Greece directly.

  41. War with PersiaMarathon • The only battle was at Marathon • Marathon was located roughly 26 miles away from Athens. • Athenians make a stand at the city of Marathon. • Athenians obliterate Darius’ forces.

  42. War with PersiaMarathon • The Persians under Darius try to take the mainland directly.

  43. War with PersiaMarathon- The Aftermath • Athens was victorious • After winning the battle, a man by the name of Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens. • Runs into Athens and shouts “Victory!” then he falls over dead from exhaustion. • This is where the modern day Marathon run gets its name from.

  44. War with Persia • Darius never forgave the Ionians, or the Athenians • One of his aids would say at every meal, “Sire, remember the Athenians” • This hatred carried over into his son, Xerxes. • Xerxes vowed revenge following his fathers death, because Darius never saw the Athenians fall. • Greece heard that the Persians were coming and prepared to defend their homeland

  45. War with PersiaThe Key Players  Xerxes, led the Persian Armies into Greece. Themistocles,  Leader of the Athenians Leonidas, the King of  Sparta

  46. War with Persia • Many Greek City-States planned a land defense under the guidance of Sparta. • Athens went with the policy proposed by Themistocles and built a navy. • Xerxes led a force of 180,000 troops, and brought thousands of warships with him.

  47. War with Persia • The Red shows the movement of the Persians • the Blue, the movements of the Greeks

  48. War with Persia • The first skirmish was at Thermopylae. • This is the famous story of the last stand of the 300. • Epilates then betrayed his Greek brothers and led the Persians down a path behind the Greeks.

  49. War with PersiaThermopylae • 300 Spartans, led by King Leonidas I, controlled a Greek army of 7000. • Held the Persian forces at bay by funneling them into a small mountain pass known as the “Hot Gates” • This strategy worked for two days, and would’ve worked even longer if not for Epilates.

  50. War with PersiaThermopylae

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