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1970s and the 1980s

APUSH – Unit 9 R. M. Tolles. 1970s and the 1980s. Domestic Policy New Federalism – political platform Appealed to Middle America, Americans were tired of the up and downs of the early 60s Revenue-Sharing Bills – funds to state and local agencies

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1970s and the 1980s

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  1. APUSH – Unit 9 R. M. Tolles 1970s and the 1980s

  2. Domestic Policy New Federalism – political platform Appealed to Middle America, Americans were tired of the up and downs of the early 60s Revenue-Sharing Bills – funds to state and local agencies 1969, AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependant Children) Foreign Policy DÉTENTE – containment through diplomacy Visits to China, open diplomacy – lift trade and travel restrictions Nixon withdrew the 7th Fleet Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT 1) – treaty with the USSR. Cold War tensions eased up President Richard Nixon

  3. “Watergate” • “Tricky Dick”- “I’m not a crook…” • 1973, re-election year, despite having an obvious lead, Nixon became paranoid, Rep. Leaders organized a break in of the Dem. HQ in the Watergate towers. • Although not ordered by Nixon, he and his staff covered it up. • Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward contacted by “Deep Throat”, a secret source in on the break in. • Committee formed by NC Senator Sam Ervin on the break in – would lead to a fight over White House Tapes, cover ups, and Impeachment

  4. IMPEACHMENT • First Spiro Agnew, VP resigned due to bribe charges • Nixon found guilty on Impeachment charges but resigned before sentencing. • Sen. Gerald Ford appointed President, turned around and pardoned Nixon – accused of making a deal. • Impact of Watergate – American distrust and frustration with government and the politics of the 60s. The 70s would be about individualism.

  5. Pres. Ford started with a decent approval rating, but when he pardoned former President Nixon, his approval rating plunged.

  6. Pres. Ford • Nixon help to establish a path to diplomacy by being the first President to visit Soviet Union, before Watergate. • Replaced Pres. Nixon upon resignation • Pardoned Nixon, accused of a deal • Clumsy – made fun of by Saturday Night Live • Considered a “lame duck” President • Trouble with inflation, and deficit spending • Troubles rising in the middle east and in the Cold War • As part of the Strategic Arms Limitation started by Nixon and continued by Ford, both countries agreed to exchange scientific information. This was seen as one of the few successes of Ford in foreign affairs (but it was really due to Nixon’sdétente.)‏

  7. 1970s - Life • 50s and 60s – prosperity rested in large part on access to raw materials and a strong manufacturing industry, not the way in the 70s • 70s – economy became heavily dependent on imported oil. • “Saturday Night Fever” • Studio 52 • Silent Majority • Disco • Bell bottoms, and high collars • Muscle Cars and Big Detroit

  8. President Jimmy Carter

  9. President Jimmy Carter • Democrat – Election of 1976 (200 Biennial)‏ • Domestic Policy • Department of Energy – conserve oil, promote the use of renewable energy • Oil Crisis – affected US transportation – lone lines at the pumps, running out, etc… • Muslim Countries in the Middle East became increasing hostile toward the US and Israel – this created economic difficulties for Carter • The energy crisis of the 1970s was in large part a result of OPEC price increases and government regulation of the oil industry. • Economic Stagnation + Rising Prices = Stagflation, Carters number one problem.

  10. Carter and Foreign Policy • Foreign Cold War Tensions – embargo on Soviet grain because of their invasion of Afghanistan – led to the boycott of the Olympic Games • Camp David Accords (1979) – treaty between Egypt and Israel • OPEC and the Middle East • Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) – Shah of Iran took 66 US Hostages and held them for 444 days (basically ruined Carter’s re-election) This event would user in Ronald Reagan as a hero.

  11. President Ronald Reagan • Republican – won the 1980 Election against Carter • Soldier, actor, Calf. Gov. – conservative ideas • Vice President – George Bush • 1st Lady – Nancy Reagan

  12. Reaganonmics • Domestic Policies – supply-side economics or monetarists solutions • Reaganomics – trickle-down effect: Tax cuts = more spending = more jobs • Increased budget deficit spending and deregulations – caused the largest national debt in modern history • Increased use of public lands for oil drilling, relaxed fuel efficiency requirements for cars, and lowered safety regulations on pesticides, Reagan seen as a very poor Conservationist • Reagan cut social programs to keep the deficit under control. • 1st woman on the Supreme Court – Sandra Day O’Conner • William Rehnquist became Chief Justice, ushered in a new era – a conservative court

  13. Supreme Court • Reagan appointed and wanted justices who would follow the original intent of the Constitution. • 1st woman on the Supreme Court – Sandra Day O’Conner • William Rehnquist became Chief Justice, ushered in a new era – a conservative court • Brown v. Board of Ed (Charlotte) – mandatory busing • Title IX – outlawed gender discrimination • Texas v. Johnson – flag burning was protected under the 1st amendment, free expression • 26th Amendment – 21 to 18 for voting • 27th Amendment – Congress votes in its own pay raises • Americans With Disabilities Act

  14. Election of 1984 • Walter Mondale (Dem.) • VP Geraldine Ferraro (1st woman VP candidate)‏ • Reagan won hands down – not really a contest

  15. Reagan and the Military • Policy – Containment and détente = “Peace through Strength” • Defense Budget went from $80 billion to over $200 billion deficit • Reagan believed the Soviets could not keep up with massive military spending and this would eventually cause a collapse of the Communist system. • Strategic Arms Reduction Talks – reduce the number of missiles on both sides of the Cold War • SDI “Star Wars” – intercept missiles from space

  16. Mikhail Gorbachev – leader of the USSR Perestroika – restructuring of the economy away from heavy military spending Glasnost – spirit of openness 1998 – fall of the Berlin Wall Coup took Gorbachev out, Boris Yeltsin in – end of the USSR as states left, returned to Russia Reagan and Gorbachev • Reagan - silent talks in Greenland • Strategic Arms reductions • “Tear Down the Wall” – Berlin Speech • Missile Summits • Became close friends • The Great Communicator

  17. The Reagan Doctrine • Support for non-communist guerillas in other countries • Afghanistan (Bin Laden) and Nicaragua (Contras vs. Sandinistas)‏ • Iran-Contra Scandal – 1986, Reagan Adm. Gave arms to Iran to release the hostages on Reagan's election, arranged by Oliver North – testified in front of Congressional hearings, not found guilty • Bombing of Terrorists – Kadaffi and Libya – attacked the Beirut Marine barracks and embassy. Reagan bombed strategic targets and Kadaffi’s house.

  18. William F. Buckley (1955) – The National Review Magazine – revived conservative ideas. Liberals • Liberals – Gov. should regulate the economy to protect people • Liberals generally believed in free speech and privacy • Conservatives – when Gov. regulates the economy, the economy is less efficient

  19. Conservatives • Many Americans turned to Conservative ideas during the cold war because they believed liberal economic ideas were slowly leading the nation towed communism. • Conservatives generally support the split of government power between state and federal levels. Goldwater in 64 – Sunbelt increasing Middle class changed views in 60s and 70s 1978 Tax Revolt – Proposition 13 – reduce taxes • Conservatives built a coalition that could elect a president when Southerners began shifting their votes to the Republican Party. • Supreme Court decisions Religion – Most believed that social problems could be solved through religious faith and private efforts. • Engel v. Vitale (1962)– Sup. Ct ruled mandatory prayer was illegal

  20. 1980s - Indulgence • TV and Yuppies – young urban professionals • The ME generation, buy, buy, buy… • Walkmans, Cassette Tapes, VCRs, CNN, Atari, and Personal home Computers • MTV, Star Wars, Muppets, Soap Operas, Sit-Coms • Social Problems – MADD, AIDS (‘We are the World”), Farm Aid, Green Peace… • Three Mile Island – Love Canal • 1989 – Chinese students and workers held demonstrations for democracy.

  21. NASA • Columbia made its 1st flight in 1981 • Satellites changing communication • Space Station • Challenger Disaster – Jan 1986, 1st teacher into space, shown live on TV. Human error – O ring

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