V ictorians

1. Victorians By Jack.f

2. The Great Exebition • The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in name to the existing structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. It was the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture were to become a popular 19th-century feature.

3. Sport • Victorian Sport (1830 - 1901) • Sport developed in the context of industrial capitalism and class inequality • Sport became linked to a moral code defined by the middle classes: • it was accepted that sport developed character and morality • competition had to be fair and rule-governed with similar conditions for all players • sport was to be played, not for reward, but for its own sake • Nationwide sport developed through the influence of technology, the public schools and the national governing bodies • For the masses, Saturday afternoon free from work was the turning point, enabling them to play and spectate • Amateur and professional sport became increasingly separated • Working class sport in school was limited largely to drill and therapeutic gymnastics

4. Food • The Victorians bought their food from small shops using: pounds, shillings and pence: grocers' shops sold dried goods like: tea, coffee, sugar and rice; • butchers' shops sold meat; • dairy shops sold: milk, eggs, butter and cheese. • There were no cans or frozen foods so food was sold loose and stored at home in jars. They would heat food on a coal-fired stove and cook it in large pans.

5. Inventions • Electric Telegraph developed by William Cooke and Charles Wheastone. Swinging needles transmit message in code in 1858. • Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876. • The first cars appeared during the Victorian times, but only rich people could afford them. Early car drivers were required to have a special attendant walking in front of the car, holding a red flag as a warning. • The German engineer Karl Benz built the first motorcar in 1885. It was a three-wheeled vehicle powered by a one-cylinder gasoline engine. The speed limit for cars was four miles per hour. • Guglielmo Marconi, from Italy, is credited with the discovery of radio in 1895. We can't really say he "invented" radio. Nobody ever does invent anything from scratch as each "invention" is the consequence of many previous discoveries and researches (in this case especially those done by James Clerk Maxwell, Sir Oliver Lodge, and Heinrich Hertz. • Bicycles became very popular in the 1870s.Invention of the penny-farthing bicycle. by British engineer, James Starley. The huge front wheel was almost six feet from top to bottom. and the seat was above the wheel. It had no brakes! This design was used until about 1880 when a bicycle with equal-sized wheels was developed. • Thomas Twyford built the first one-piece toilet. Twyford's model was also the first constructed of china, much easier to clean than the previous wood or metal models. • Sir Rowland Hill, a retired teacher, introduced a pre-paid penny post for letters in Britain in 1840. Up to this time the person receiving the letter had to pay for it. With the invention of the stamp, the person sending the letter had to pay. • The Penny Black stamp is the world's first adhesive postage stamp, and is perhaps the most famous stamp ever issued. It was a one penny stamp with Queen Victoria's profile against a black background and was produced in 1840. It was used for letters weighing less than half an ounce. For heavier letters the Twopenny Blue was used, which was similar, except that its background was blue. • After the invention of the electric light bulb by Thomas Edison (USA) and Joseph Swan (UK) in 1879, electric light started to replace the dim, yellow gas light, oil lamps and candlelight. Some towns were lit by electricity too, making them more welcoming at night.

6. Queen victoria and prince albert • At the age of 21, Victoria married her cousin, Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, a German Prince. They married on the 10th February 1840 at the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace. • Victoria had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe. Most of Queen Victoria's children married into other royal families of Europe.