Bone Histology and Skeletal Structure Review

1. Bone Histology and Skeletal Structure Review

2. What is bone? Bone is living tissue that makes up the body's skeleton. There are three types of bone tissue, including the following:

3. Compact (dense) bone tissue • the harder, outer tissue of bones; made up of precise arrangements of microscopic cylindrical structures called osteons. The matrix and osteocytes of osteon are laid down in concentric rings around a central (Haversian) canal which contains blood vessels and nerves.

4. If you look at compact bone tissue with naked eye, it look very dense: you cannot see any cavities in it.

5. Spongy (cancellous) bone tissue the sponge-like tissue inside bones. In contrast, made up of irregular latticework of thin blades of bone called trabeculae. The spaces between the trabeculae contain blood vessels and red marrow which produces blood cells.

6. The spaces between the trabeculae can be seen with naked eye and give spongy bone tissue its "spongy" look.

7. subchondral tissue the smooth tissue at the ends of bones, which is covered with another type of tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is the specialized, gristly connective tissue that is present in adults, and the tissue from which most bones develop in children.

8. What are the different types of bone cells?The different types of bone cells include the following: • osteoblast - found within the bone, its function is to form the tissue and minerals that give bone its strength. • osteoclast - a very large cell formed in bone marrow, its function is to absorb and remove unwanted tissue; remodeling • osteocyte - found within the bone, its function is to help maintain bone as living tissue.

9. Fat cells and hematopoietic cells are found within the bone marrow. • Hematopoietic cells are those that produce blood cells.

11. Bone's function? • shape, support, and protect body structures; aid in body movement • serve as a site for development and storage of blood cells disorders and diseases that can affect bone. • serves as a storage site for minerals; provides the medium - marrow - for the development and storage of blood cells.

12. But How? • Support bones of the leg, pelvic, and vertebral column hold up the body the mandible supports the teeth provide support for muscles and other soft organs • Protection bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal chord, lungs, heart, pelvic viscera, and bone marrow • Movement of course, to walk, reach, touch (limb leverage) lung ventilation depends on by movement of ribs by skeletal muscles

13. But How? • Blood Formation red bone marrow is major producer of blood cells • Electrolyte Balance the skeleton is the body’s main mineral reservoir; it sores calcium and phosphates and releases them according to physiological needs of the body • Acid-base balance bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing/releasing alkaline mineral salts

14. Types of Bone • Long Bone Example: Femur • Short Bone Example: Carpal • Flat Bone Example: Pelvic • Irregular Bone Example: facial • Sesamoid Bone Example: Patella

15. Skeletal Structure Tissue • cartilage • osseous tissue • bone marrow • periosteum/endosteum

16. The Skull

17. Anterior View of Skull

18. Right Lateral Aspect of Skull

19. Posterior View of Skull

20. Midsagittal View of Skull

21. Inferior Superficial View of Skull

22. Superior View of Cranial Cavity

23. Nasal Cavity

24. Vertebrae, Ribs, and Sternum

25. How many bones are there in the vertebral column?

26. Answer: • 26

27. How regions are there in the vertebral column and what are their names?

28. Answer: • 5 regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

29. What are the name of the first two bones of the vertebral column and their functions?

30. Answer: • Atlas and Axis the support and movement of the skull

31. What type of vertebrae is this picture?

32. Answer: • Cervical vertebrae

33. What are these three sections of the cervical vertebrae?

34. 1) Spinous Process 2) Superior Articular Facet 3) Body Answer

35. What type of vertebrae is this picture?

36. Answer: • Thoracic Vertebrae

37. What are these three sections of the thoracic vertebrae?

38. 1) Superior Costal Facet 2) Lamina 3) Vertebral Foramen Answer

39. How many pair’s ribs does the human body have?

40. Answer: • 12 pairs

41. What are the names of the types of ribs?

42. Answer: • True and False Ribs

43. What is the difference between True and False Ribs?

44. Answer: • True ribs are attached to the sternum.

45. What bone is this?

46. Answer • Sternum

47. What are the names of theses sections of the Sternum?

48. 1) Manubrium 2) Body 3)Xiphoid Process Answer

49. The Pectoral Girdle and Superior Appendages

50. Pectoral girdles are responsible for attaching the superior appendages (the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) to the axial skeleton. On each side of the body the pectoral girdle consists of two bones: the scapula and the clavicle.