Benzene

1. Benzene Part 1

2. Starter: name the functional group. 1 2 3 4 5

3. Learning outcomes • Define arene and aromatic • Name aromatic compounds • Describe the structure of benzene • Review the evidence for this structure • Show how electrophilic substitutions occurs with different electrophiles

4. Arene and aromatic • Look at page 4 • Write your definition of Arene and Aromatic

5. Benzene • Isolated by Faraday in 1825 Physical properties: • Clear, colourless, hydrocarbon • 92.3% Carbon, 7.7% hydrogen. • 0.250g was vaporised at 100oC had a volume of 98cm3 • Boiling point 80oC, melting point 5oC

6. Calculate the empirical formula • 92.3% Carbon, 7.7% hydrogen.

7. Element C H % 92.37.7 Ar 12.0 1.0 Moles 7.697.7 Ratio 7.69 7.69 1 1 empirical formula CH

8. Calculate the molecular formula 1 mole of gas is 24dm3 at RTP • 0.250g was vaporised at 100oC had a volume of 98cm3. • From this it was calculated that the molecular mass was 78g • So what is the molecular formula?

9. The relative molecular mass of the sample is 78 The molecular formula78/13 = 6 Therefore the molecular formula is C6H6

10. Molymods Find as many structures as possible for C6H6 Draw them in your notes

11. Problem • Doesn’t react like an alkene- no reaction with HBr • Doesn’t undergo electrophilic addition • Enthalpy change should be about 800 kJmol-1, where as it is only 207kJmol-1

12. THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured.

13. THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured. When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole. C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) 2 3 - 120 kJ mol-1

14. THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured. When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole. C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexane C6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Theoretical - 360 kJ mol-1 (3 x -120) 2 3 - 120 kJ mol-1

15. THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured. When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole. C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexane C6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Actual benzene releases only 208kJ per mole when reduced, putting it lower down the energy scale Theoretical - 360 kJ mol-1 (3 x -120) 2 3 Experimental - 208 kJ mol-1 - 120 kJ mol-1

16. THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured. When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole. C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexane C6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Actual benzene releases only 208kJ per mole when reduced, putting it lower down the energy scale It is 152kJ per mole more stable than expected. This value is known as the RESONANCE ENERGY. MORE STABLE THAN EXPECTED by 152 kJ mol-1 Theoretical - 360 kJ mol-1 (3 x -120) 2 3 Experimental - 208 kJ mol-1 - 120 kJ mol-1

17. THERMODYNAMIC EVIDENCE FOR STABILITY When unsaturated hydrocarbons are reduced to the corresponding saturated compound, energy is released. The amount of heat liberated per mole (enthalpy of hydrogenation) can be measured. When cyclohexene (one C=C bond) is reduced to cyclohexane, 120kJ of energy is released per mole. C6H10(l) + H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Theoretically, if benzene contained three separate C=C bonds it would release 360kJ per mole when reduced to cyclohexane C6H6(l) + 3H2(g) ——> C6H12(l) Actual benzene releases only 208kJ per mole when reduced, putting it lower down the energy scale It is 152kJ per mole more stable than expected. This value is known as the RESONANCE ENERGY. MORE STABLE THAN EXPECTED by 152 kJ mol-1 Theoretical - 360 kJ mol-1 (3 x -120) 2 3 Experimental - 208 kJ mol-1 - 120 kJ mol-1

18. Kekulé 1865

19. STRUCTURE OF BENZENE HOWEVER... • it did not readily undergo electrophilic addition - no true C=C bond • only one 1,2 disubstituted product existed • all six C—C bond lengths were similar; C=C bonds are shorter than C-C • the ring was thermodynamically more stable than expected To explain the above, it was suggested that the structure oscillated between the two Kekulé forms but was represented by neither of them. It was a RESONANCE HYBRID.

20. Next: X-ray diffraction

21. STRUCTURE OF BENZENE - DELOCALISATION The theory suggested that instead of three localised (in one position) double bonds, the six p (p) electrons making up those bonds were delocalised (not in any one particular position) around the ring by overlapping the p orbitals. There would be no double bonds and all bond lengths would be equal. It also gave a planarstructure. 6 single bonds one way to overlap adjacent p orbitals another possibility delocalised pi orbital system This final structure was particularly stable and resisted attempts to break it down through normal electrophilic addition. However, substitution of any hydrogen atoms would not affect the delocalisation.

22. STRUCTURE OF BENZENE

23. Exam question • In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar. • Describe with the aid of suitable diagrams the bonding and structure of a benzene molecule.

26. Homework • Produce a leaflet or a poster showing where benzene is used and hence why it is important. Due Friday 10th September

27. Learning outcomes • Define arene and aromatic • Name aromatic compounds • Describe the structure of benzene • Review the evidence for this structure • Show how electrophilic substitutions occurs with different electrophiles

28. Naming aromatic compounds Phenol Chlorobenzene Methylbenzene Many of these compounds are foul smelling and toxic, they are still called aromatic

29. When a long alkyl chain with other substitutions is present, think of the benzene as substituted onto the chain, using phenyl and a number to position the chain. CH3– CH – CH – CH3 Cl 2-Chloro-3-phenylbutane

30. Naming dominos

31. Identify the following molecules as alkene, arene or cycloaklane • CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 • C6H5CH3 • CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 • CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3

32. Identify the following molecules as alkene, arene, alkane or cycloalkane • CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 alkane • C6H5CH3 arene • CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 alkene • CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 alkane • cycloalkane

33. Learning outcomes • Define arene and aromatic • Name aromatic compounds • Describe the structure of benzene • Review the evidence for this structure • Show how electrophilic substitutions occurs with different electrophiles

34. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION TheoryThe high electron density of the ring makes it open to attack by electrophiles Addition to the ring would upset the delocalised electron system Substitution of hydrogen atoms on the ring does not affect the delocalisation Because the mechanism involves an initial disruption to the ring, electrophiles must be more powerful than those which react with alkenes Overall there is ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION

35. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION TheoryThe high electron density of the ring makes it open to attack by electrophiles Addition to the ring would upset the delocalised electron system Substitution of hydrogen atoms on the ring does not affect the delocalisation Because the mechanism involves an initial disruption to the ring, electrophiles must be more powerful than those which react with alkenes Overall there is ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION Mechanism • a pair of electrons leaves the delocalised system to form a bond to the electrophile • this disrupts the stable delocalised system and forms an unstable intermediate • to restore stability, the pair of electrons in the C-H bond moves back into the ring • overall there is substitution of hydrogen ... ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION

36. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS - NITRATION Reagentsconc. nitric acid and conc. sulphuric acid(catalyst) Conditionsreflux at 55°C EquationC6H6 + HNO3 ———> C6H5NO2 + H2O nitrobenzene

37. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS - NITRATION Reagentsconc. nitric acid and conc. sulphuric acid(catalyst) Conditions reflux at 55°C EquationC6H6 + HNO3 ———> C6H5NO2 + H2O nitrobenzene Mechanism

38. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS - NITRATION Reagentsconc. nitric acidand conc. sulphuric acid(catalyst) Conditionsreflux at 55°C EquationC6H6 + HNO3 ———> C6H5NO2 + H2O nitrobenzene Mechanism ElectrophileNO2+ ,nitronium ionor nitryl cation; it is generated in an acid-base reaction... 2H2SO4 + HNO3 2HSO4¯ + H3O+ + NO2+ acid base

39. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS - NITRATION Reagentsconc. nitric acid and conc. sulphuric acid(catalyst) Conditions reflux at 55°C EquationC6H6 + HNO3 ———> C6H5NO2 + H2O nitrobenzene Mechanism ElectrophileNO2+ ,nitronium ionor nitryl cation; it is generated in an acid-base reaction... 2H2SO4 + HNO3 2HSO4¯ + H3O+ + NO2+ acid base Use The nitration of benzene is the first step in an historically important chain of reactions. These lead to the formation of dyes, and explosives.

40. ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS - HALOGENATION Reagentschlorine and a halogen carrier(catalyst) Conditionsreflux in the presence of a halogen carrier (Fe, FeCl3, AlCl3) chlorine is non polar so is not a good electrophile the halogen carrier is required to polarise the halogen EquationC6H6 + Cl2 ———> C6H5Cl + HCl Mechanism ElectrophileCl+it is generated as follows... Cl2 + FeCl3 FeCl4¯ + Cl+ a Lewis Acid

41. Now your turn Write the mechanisims for the following electrophiles: • CH3+ • CH3CO+

42. Where does the electrophile end up?

43. + I effect - I effect

44. Learning outcomes • Define arene and aromatic • Name aromatic compounds • Describe the structure of benzene • Review the evidence for this structure • Show how electrophilic substitutions occurs with different electrophiles

45. Diploma students only

46. FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTIONS OF BENZENE - ALKYLATION OverviewAlkylation involves substituting an alkyl (methyl, ethyl) group Reagents a halogenoalkane (RX) and anhydrous aluminium chloride AlCl3 Conditions room temperature; dry inert solvent (ether) Electrophile a carbocation ion R+ (e.g. CH3+) EquationC6H6 + C2H5Cl ———> C6H5C2H5 + HCl Mechanism GeneralA catalyst is used to increase the positive nature of the electrophile and make it better at attacking benzene rings. AlCl3 acts as a Lewis Acid and helps break the C—Cl bond.

47. FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTIONS OF BENZENE - ALKYLATION Catalyst anhydrous aluminium chloride acts as the catalyst the Al in AlCl3 has only 6 electrons in its outer shell; a LEWIS ACID it increases the polarisation of the C-Cl bond in the haloalkane this makes the charge on C more positive and the following occurs RCl + AlCl3 AlCl4¯ + R+

48. FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTIONS - INDUSTRIALALKYLATION IndustrialAlkenes are used instead of haloalkanes but an acid must be present Phenylethane, C6H5C2H5 is made by this method Reagents ethene, anhydrous AlCl3 , conc. HCl ElectrophileC2H5+ (an ethyl carbonium ion) EquationC6H6 + C2H4 ———> C6H5C2H5 (ethyl benzene) Mechanism the HCl reacts with the alkene to generate a carbonium ion electrophilic substitution then takes place as the C2H5+ attacks the ring Use ethyl benzene is dehydrogenated to produce phenylethene (styrene); this is used to make poly(phenylethene) - also known as polystyrene

49. FRIEDEL-CRAFTS REACTIONS OF BENZENE - ACYLATION OverviewAcylation involves substituting an acyl (methanoyl, ethanoyl) group Reagents an acyl chloride (RCOX) and anhydrous aluminium chloride AlCl3 Conditions reflux 50°C; dry inert solvent (ether) ElectrophileRC+= O ( e.g. CH3C+O ) EquationC6H6 + CH3COCl ———> C6H5COCH3 + HCl Mechanism ProductA carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone)

50. FURTHER SUBSTITUTION OF ARENES TheoryIt is possible to substitute more than one functional group. But, the functional group already on the ring affects... • how easy it can be done • where the next substituent goes Group ELECTRON DONATING ELECTRON WITHDRAWING Example(s) OH, CH3 NO2 Electron density of ring Increases Decreases Ease of substitution Easier Harder Position of substitution 2,4,and 6 3 and 5