Air Toxics in Allegheny County: Sources, Airborne Concentrations, and Human Exposure

1. Air Toxics in Allegheny County: Sources, Airborne Concentrations, and Human Exposure Jennifer Logue, Andrew Lambe, Kara Huff-Hartz, Allen Robinson, Neil Donahue, Mitch Small, Cliff Davidson, Darrel Stern, Jason Maranche

2. Project Objectives • What are the concentrations and health risks of air toxics in Allegheny County? • How do the concentrations and risks in Allegheny County compare to other U.S. Cities? • What are priority air toxics for Allegheny County? • What are the sources of these priority toxics?

3. Baseline Monitoring (2/06-1/08) Heavily Industrialized Downtown • 32 organic air toxics • 1 in 6 day sampling • Methods TO-11A & TO-15 Flag Plaza Regional background (background)

4. Air toxics considered in analysis Baseline: 38 HAPs Intensives: 38 HAPs Archive:

5. Identifying Priority Toxics • Large Local Sources • High Concentrations Relative to National Data • High Risk

6. Comparisons with National Concentration Data *Sonoma Tech. provided national data

7. Air Toxics with Elevated Concentrations

8. 25 12 4:1 2:1 1:1 Spatial variation and local sources

9. 3 toxics above 10-5 Formaldehyde Benzene Trichloroethene 12 toxics above 10-6 Cancer Risk

10. Additive Cancer LIR at Baseline Sites Trichloroethene Flag Plaza Avalon Formaldehyde Benzene Stowe South Fayette 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Cancer LIR (x 10-4)

11. 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Cancer LIR (x 10-4) Comparison of LIR in Select U.S. Cities

12. Non-Cancer Risks • Chronic • Acrolein • No Acute

13. Other Air Toxics • Downtown: • Diesel Particulate Matter • Avalon • metals • Archived CMU Supersite Data (regional background) • Diesel Particulate Matter • Metals • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

14. Diesel particulate matter • Complex pollutant • 40-80% BC or EC • Organics • Sulfate • No way to directly measure • Estimate using source apportionment model • BC/EC • Hopanes & steranes • n-alkanes • aromatics

15. Cancer LIR (x 10-3)* 3 0 1 2 Schenely Park 0.4 Downtown Probability 0.2 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 DPM (g m-3) Diesel Particulate Concentrations and Risks 2.5 2.0 1.5 BC or EC (g m-3) Archived Data 1.0 0.5 0 Florence Downtown Hazelwood Greensburg Lawrenceville Schenley Park *Based on CA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment URE for DPM

16. Risk of metals in different cities * * * * * * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cancer LIR (x 10-5)

17. Risks for Different Classes of Air Toxics

18. Air Toxics of Interest High Greatest Health Risks :diesel PMbenzene formaldehyde Medium Health Risks :carbon tetrachloride 1,3-butadiene tetrachloroethene acetaldehyde trichloroethene acrolein 1,4-dichlorobenzene metals Potential Concerns :chloroform propionaldehyde styrene ethylbenzene toluene methylene chloride MIBK xylenes

19. Intensive Monitoring Downtown Heavily Industrialized Diamond Building Carnegie Mellon

20. Automated Field InstrumentGas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer/ Flame Ionization Detector (GCMS/FID) (Millet JGR, 2005) • 1 hour resolution • 70+ compounds • Low detection limit(<.2mg/m3)

21. High Time ResolvedMeasurements Neville Island Downtown

22. High time resolved measurements Concentration (mg/m3) Concentration (mg/m3) Hour of the day

23. 0 Source Apportionment Coke Factor 270 90 270 90 180

24. Benzene

25. Formaldehyde • Sources: • Secondary Formation • Mobile sources • Point Sources: 9 TPY • Predominately Secondary • Avalon is statistically significantly higher than other sites • 27% [0% 57%] increase from SF

26. Avalon: ACSA Downtown: Dry Cleaning Tetrachloroethene Downtown Avalon Background Avalon ACSA

27. Risk Apportionment

28. Industry Risk Apportionment

29. Risk Apportionment

30. Conclusions • Priority air toxics • Substantial risk from regional air toxics • Formaldehyde • Carbon tetrachloride • Local risk drivers • DPM • Benzene • Chlorinated compounds

31. Acknowledgments • Funding • Clean Air Fund • EPA

32. 1,4-dichlorobenzene Downtown Downtown Background

33. Trichloroethene:Unknown Source

34. Sources Mobile sources Point Sources: 9 TPY HQ>1 at all sites Predominately Diesel emissions Acrolein

35. Propionaldehyde is high throughout the county Highest in Fall Formaldehyde, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Chloromethane are on par with nation Regional Sources

36. Benzene in Avalon Neville Industry Mobile sources Toluene both sites Industry Mobile sources Small Local Sources

37. Chlorinated Compounds downtown Hydrogen sulfide and styrene at Avalon Large Regional Sources

38. Air Toxics Health Risks Cancer Respiratory Problems Birth Defects Neurological issues Developmental Problems Other health issues • Two types of risk • Cancer: chronic • Non-Cancer: Acute, intermediate or chronic • Risks are modeled using a linear no-threshold model Air Toxics

41. Regional Pollutants: Formaldehyde Carbon Tetrachloride

42. Local plumes contribute to elevated exposure Toluene

43. Determining Sources: Increased Resolutions of Hourly measurements

44. Increases Measurement Resolution

45. Plume events drive local exposure Neville Island Downtown

46. Benzene • Mobile Sources • Industrial Sources • High Relative to the National Data

47. Water Treatment Factor 0 30 330 60 300 270 90 Tetrachloroethylene 240 120 ACSA Toluene 210 150 180 Factor Contribution vs. Wind Direction ACSA Emission Profile PMF Factor

48. Inlet for GCMS/FID Automated Valve Assembly Compound traps Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer Flame Ionization Detector

49. Plume Events Neville Island Downtown Styrene Toluene Benzene 40 Compounds were measured hourly

50. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) Measured Data • Main issue: Identifying factor • Event profiles • Inventory profiles PMF solves: compound c11 c12 c13 c21 c22 c23 c31 c32 c33 time scores loadings source compound fs11 fs12 fs21 fs22 fs31 fs32 a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 source time