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COMMON FEATURES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES

COMMON FEATURES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES. Arbitrary link of sound and meaning occurs in absence of referent (displacement) small set of phonemes (/e/, /sh/, ..) that carry meaning (duality) large set of morphemes small set of “function” words & affixes large set of “content” words

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COMMON FEATURES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES

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  1. COMMON FEATURES OF SPOKEN LANGUAGES • Arbitrary link of sound and meaning • occurs in absence of referent (displacement) • small set of phonemes(/e/, /sh/, ..) that carry meaning (duality) • large set of morphemes • small set of “function” words & affixes • large set of “content” words • syntactic rules that specify sequence and constituent structure (regularity) • unlimited number of potential sentences(productivity) • iteration and recursion

  2. DIFFERENCES AMONG SPOKEN LANGUAGES • identity and number of phonemes • English has ~ 45 phonemes • Russian has ~ 70 phonemes • specific syntactic rules • e.g., for basic declarative sentence, • SVO 35% SOV 44% • VSO 19% OVS 0% • number of inflections (walk, walking..) • Chinese has none • Serbo-Croatian has lots • total number of morphemes • varies with cultural complexity • use of intontation (prosody) phonemically • Cantonese: “ma, ma ma ma, ma ma.”

  3. ANATOMICAL ADAPTATIONSFOR SPOKEN LANGUAGE Lower larynx lets air through mouth vs. nose larger nerve for controlling tongue movements Hypoglossal canal

  4. BROCA’S APHASIA • damage to inferior left frontal lobe • speech is halting and ‘agrammatic’ • “ah. Monday .. ah..Dad and Paul . .and Dad . . hospital. Two . . ah. .doctors. .and. .ah. .thirty minutes . . and . . yes . . hospital . . and . . Thursday . . . teeth. • comprehension impaired for more complex sentences • They gave her dog / the biscuits • John was hit by Mary • speech articulation errors • chrysanthemum: “chyrsa. . mum . . mum “

  5. WERNICKE’S APHASIA • damage to left posterior temporal lobe • speech may be fluent but meaningless • “I called my mother on the television and didn’t understand the door. It wasn’t too breakfast, but they came from far to near.” • and contain “neologisms” • “ I was just wondering what kind of a hote mone murchin it is.” • comprehension often abysmal • may be unaware of deficit (anasagnosic)

  6. TYPES OF APHASIA Broca’s Left nonfluent speech Frontal comprehension OK poor naming & repetition Wernicke’s Left fluent, bizarre speech Temporal poor comprehension poor naming good repetition Conduction arcuate fluent speech fasciculus good comprehension good naming poor repetition Trans- angular nonfluent speech Corticalgyrus? Poor comprehension good naming & repetition

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