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Early Explorations. Mr. White’s World History. Big Questions. Main Idea: During the age of exploration and expansion, Europeans expanded around the globe, and came into more contact with other societies. After we study this section, we should be able to answer the following questions:
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Early Explorations Mr. White’s World History
Big Questions • Main Idea: During the age of exploration and expansion, Europeans expanded around the globe, and came into more contact with other societies. • After we study this section, we should be able to answer the following questions: • What motivated Europeans to explore and expand around the globe? • What technologies allowed them to do this?
Major Change! • The Renaissance and Reformations had created a new culture in Europe that created new ways of thinking about life, man’s place in the world, and religion. • Exploration and expansion would change the entire world by interconnecting all the different parts of the world, forever
Many different factors motivated Europeans to expand and explore. Part I: Age of Exploration
God, Gold, Glory • In the early parts of exploration, countries and explorers were motivated by three things: God, gold, and glory • God – Christians desired to spread Christianity to other places around the world • Gold – Merchants desired riches from other parts of the world, gained through trade • Glory – Countries desired to grow and become stronger through exploration and empires
Contact Outside of Europe • Europe before the Renaissance had depended on spices, such as pepper and nutmeg, from the east • Arab and Venetian (Venice, Italy) merchants got rich from trading these spices • The Ottoman Empire, hostile to Christians, had shut off trade between Europe and the Far East • Many traders looked for quicker routes to the east
New Technology • Open-water sailing required: • Sailors trained in navigation • Accurate maps • Ocean-going ships • Compass (Chinese) – allowed naval vessels to determine their direction • Cartographers – accurate mapmakers helped chart the seas and coast lines
Shipbuilding • Late in the 1400s, ships were outfitted with the lateen sails – triangle shape, enabled ships to sail against the wind • Ships would use multiple masts of different types to make the ships more flexible in sailing • Rudder was moved to the back of the ship to make it more maneuverable • Caravel – incorporated all of these improvements, as well as cannons • Had a shallow draft, which allowed these ships to sail upriver
Portugal and Spain were the first European countries to reach out and explore. Part II: Portugal and Spain Lead the Way
Portugal • Portugal began the search for an all-water route to Asia by exploring southward along the coast of Africa • Prince Henry the Navigator – never sailed • Developed a school to train sailors in navigation • Sponsored sea-going voyages of exploration • Henry’s students discovered the Azores, Madeira Islands, and Cape Verde Islands
Portuguese Explorers • Bartholomeu Dias – In 1487, found the southern tip of Africa, known as the Cape of Good Hope • Vasco de Gama – took a five ship expedition around the Cape of Good Hope to Asia • In India, de Gama tried to persuade local rulers and Muslim traders to trade with the Portuguese, but failed
Christopher Columbus • The first Spanish explorer to venture out was the famous Christopher Columbus • Spain had recently become unified, and was no longer fighting against a local enemy, the Moors • Columbus approached Queen Isabella of Spain to request funding for his explorations – to seek a westward all-water route to Asia
In 1492… • Isabella chose to support Columbus’ expedition • 1492 – Columbus sailed with three ships, headed westward • Avoiding a mutiny by his crew, Columbus and his expedition eventually made landfall in an island in the Bahamas
Gold • Columbus and his crews spent the next three months exploring the local islands of Hispaniola and Cuba • Found some gold, which would be enough to convince the Spanish of the voyage’s success • Columbus was convinced that he had found an all-water route to Asia, and returned to Europe • In 1506, Columbus died certain that he had found a route to Asia • In 1507, Amerigo Vespucci suggested that Columbus had discovered a new world, and had not found a way to Asia
Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to make a trans-Atlantic voyage to Asia by an all-water route. Part III: Voyage of Magellan
Magellan • In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal sailed for the Spanish to find an all-water route to Asia • Different hardships made the journey difficult • Some of Magellan’s crews mutinied • Dangerous storms, rocky shores, shipwrecks • Water and food running out
Magellan’s Voyage • Magellan’s crew discovered the now-named Straight of Magellan, at the southern tip of South America • Then, they ventured into the Pacific Ocean, named by Magellan for its calmness • Four months later, the ship reached land • Magellan was killed by a local tribe in the Philippines • In 1522, the last ship, and 18 survivors reached Spain • What did this accomplish? • First circumnavigation of the globe, proving it was round • Added to knowledge about the size of the earth • Proved that the oceans of the world were connected • Proved that Columbus had “discovered” a new world
Big Questions • Main Idea: During the age of exploration and expansion, Europeans expanded around the globe, and came into more contact with other societies. • After we study this section, we should be able to answer the following questions: • What motivated Europeans to explore and expand around the globe? • What technologies allowed them to do this? • How did European societies change because of these explorations?
