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Third Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors: Innovations and Technologies

This talk discusses the advancements in technology for the next generation of gravitational wave detectors, specifically focusing on the Einstein Telescope and its third-generation capabilities. Key topics include the potential sizes of interferometers, the impact of underground operations on low-frequency performance, and the significance of material properties like silicon for substrates. The session also covers quantum noise reduction techniques like squeezing, innovative laser technologies, and the mechanical quality of substrates. Attendees will gain insight into the future of gravitational wave astronomy.

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Third Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors: Innovations and Technologies

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  1. EU contract #211743 Harald Lück, AEI Hannover ET- Einstein TelescopeTechnology for the third generation GWADW- May, 10-15, 2009

  2. You are here GW Timelines Virgo+ Advanced Virgo GEO HF Hanford Advanced LIGO E-LIGO Livingston Launch Transfer data data Site Prep. DS PCP Construction Comm. 3rd Gen. 1st Generation 2nd Generation

  3. In this talk nodiscussionof • Interferometer size • As big a financesallow? Howbigisthat? • Over-groundvsunder-ground(J. Harms, Jo Van der Brand, D. Rabeling) • Will lowfrequencyperformancegoalsreallyrequireundergroundoperation ? • Low frequencysuspensions(R. Nawrodt) • Newtonian Noise • Cryogenicoperation(W. Johnson, K. Kuroda) • Is cryogenicsreallyneededtoachievethegoalsorisroomtemperaturesufficient (at least forhighfrequencies) ? • Non gaussianbeams(A. Freise) • QND tricks(H. Müller-Ebhardt) • Xylophone: collocated multi-narrowbandvssingle-broadbanddetector(S. Hild, R. DeSalvo) GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  4. TechnologiesSome (good?) candidatesforthethirdgeneration • Substrate material: Silicon • Gratings & wave-guidecoatings(H. Lück) • Quantum noise: • Squeezing(A. Khalaidovski) • Laser (N. Man) GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  5. Mechanical Q ofsubstratematerials Nawrodt et al. GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  6. SILICON (Properties) Low thermal lensing @ lowtemp. Fusedsilica 2E-5 / K @ 300 K Nothermoelasticnoise Vanishing CTE@ 20k & 125K Dn/dT Temperature [K] GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  7. Physicalpropertiesofsilicon Thermal conductivity Silicon Specificheat Silicon GWADW- May, 10-15, 2009

  8. Properties ofsilicon / silica Thermal conductivityfusedSilica Specificheat Silicon / fusedsilica 1E4 1/10 GWADW- May, 10-15, 2009

  9. Siliconlowabsorption @ 1550nm expected from M. Green and M. Keevers, Optical propertiesofintrinsic Silicon @ 300K, Progress in PhotovoltaicresearchandApplications, Vol. 3, 189-192 (1995) Max. Diameter currently 450mm Wikipedia.com GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  10. Mechanicallossesofthecoatings GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  11. Coatings on Silicon • Refractive index of Silicon @ 1550nm ~ 3.48 @ 300K • Refractive Index of SiO2 ~ 1.44 • fewer layers needed due to difference in refractive indeces Si SiO2 Si SiO2 Si Coating Substrate GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  12. Diffusion of Oxygen High absorptionofSiOmightbe a problemfor SiO2 coatings on Silicon substrates Si SiO2 Si SiO2 Si SiO SiO SiO SiO Coating Substrate GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  13. NanostructuredSurfaceswaveguide coatings substrate substrate Monolithic 100% reflection “coating” [Brückner et al., Opt. Lett., 33, 264 (2008)]

  14. Promising newresults R > 99.8%, private communication, IAP Jena, R. Schnabel

  15. Mechanical losses of gratings Nawrodt et al., New Journal of Physics 9 (2007) 225 cryst. quartz,  3“  12 mm, 11670 Hz

  16. Extracted coating/grating losses Nawrodt et al., New Journal of Physics 9 (2007) 225

  17. Squeezing GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  18. 11.5dB @ 5MHz 1064 nm Vahlbruch et al. PRL 100, 033602 (2008) GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  19. Low frequencysqueezing Shotnoise 1064 nm Squeezednoise electronic darknoise Chelkowskiet al., PRA 75, 043814 (2007) GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  20. Squeezing @ 1550 nm 1550 nm Mehmet et. al.: arXiv:0902.0670v1 [quant-ph] GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  21. Fragile Squeezed StatesInfluenceoflosses GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  22. Laser availabletoday, 1064 nm • Solid statelaser: • laserdiodepumped solid statelaser (AdvLIGO): • 210WNd:YAG, lessthan 12% in higher order modes, almostfinished design forreliablelong-termoperation • 3 E-9 /sqrt(Hz) power stability @ 10Hz, rfnoise: 1dB above SN of 100mA @ 9 MHz • fibrelaser: • ytterbiumdopedphotoniccrystalfiberamplifierusing a single-frequencyNd:YAG non-planar ring oscillatorseedsource • 148W, lessthan 8% in higher order modes • 13 November 2006 / Vol. 14, No. 23 / OPTICS EXPRESS 11071 GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  23. Laser availabletoday, 1550 nm • Solid state laser: • - • fibre laser: • Erbium fibre laser, ~2 W, poor reliability GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  24. Laserplans • 1064 nm: • Reach 1kW within next 5 years • RIN < 1 E-9 /√Hz • 1550 nm: • 150 W within next few years GWADW - May, 10-15, 2009

  25. 2022

  26. Refractiveindexofsilicon GWADW- May, 10-15, 2009

  27. http://www.sciner.com/Opticsland/FS.htm Refractive Index fusedsilica GWADW- May, 10-15, 2009

  28. The bruteforceapproachStefan Hild S. Hild et al, http://arxiv.org/abs/0810.0604 GWADW- May, 10-15, 2009

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