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Adolescence

Adolescence. & The Life Cycle. Infancy Childhood Adolescence Young adulthood Marriage (mating) Parenthood Mid-life Old age. Barring an early death, it is possible that everyone will go through this cycle

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Adolescence

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  1. Adolescence & The Life Cycle

  2. Infancy • Childhood • Adolescence • Young adulthood • Marriage (mating) • Parenthood • Mid-life • Old age • Barring an early death, it is possible that everyone will go through this cycle • One must successfully complete developmental tasks in order to move to the next stage • The life cycle and developmental stage schema is how social scientists explain human progress from infancy to adulthood The Life Cycle: an 8-Stage Process

  3. Gaining independence from parents/guardians • Choosing a direction in life • Acquiring suitable education and/or employment • Experiencing love and intimacy • Finding a suitable life partner Developmental Tasks: Adolescent/Young Adult Edition

  4. American professor Robert Havighurst identified three more tasks: • Accepting one’s masculine or feminine physique • Developing healthy relationships with peers (both sexes) • Desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour Failure to complete these tasks can lead to: • An inability to meet social roles and expectations • Increased anxiety • Social disapproval • Mental illness • Suicide Developmental Tasks: Adolescent/Young Adult Edition

  5. Nowadays seen as a period of transition • Signalled by Mother Nature: sexual maturation is the most obvious sign of the transition from childhood to adulthood • How long this transition period lasts depends on socio-cultural characteristics • Usually only recognized by developed societies What is Adolescence?

  6. Economic origins in the 1890s • Technological improvements left room only for adults in the workplace • Youth ended up on the streets, where they started getting into trouble • Social workers and missionaries start focusing on inner-city youth: juvenile homes spring up • 1908: Juvenile Delinquents Act becomes law The Emergence of Adolescence

  7. “…every juvenile delinquent shall be treated, not as a criminal, but as a misdirected and misguided child.” • Created a separate juvenile court system to try all cases involving children • Any child over the age of 14 and accused of an indictable offence, such as murder or treason, was to be transferred to an ordinary court • Transfers were at the discretion of a juvenile court judge The Juvenile Delinquents Act source: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/icg-gci/jj2-jm2/sec02.html

  8. Young persons detained pending a hearing had to be placed in detention homes or shelters exclusively for juveniles • Proceedings were to be private, and neither the names of the accused nor their parents could be published • Provided greater sentencing options and placed restrictions on the punishment of young children • With the exception of juveniles transferred to adult courts, no convicted youth could be put in custody in any place “in which adults are or may be imprisoned” The Juvenile Delinquents Act source: http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/icg-gci/jj2-jm2/sec02.html

  9. The Young Offenders Act replaced the Juvenile Delinquents Act in 1984 • YOA delays adult justice to 18 • Why? Belief that youth can still be rehabilitated From JDA to YOA

  10. Specifically, hunter-gatherer societies • Children required to mature quickly • Short transition period, if any • A girl becomes a woman when she reaches menarche; occasion marked with a coming-of-age ceremony • A boy becomes a man when he kills his first buck and participates in a ceremony Adolescence inPre-Industrial Societies

  11. Coming-of-age ceremonies are elaborate • Serve as a “heads-up” to the community • Help to ensure the group’s survival and continued cohesion through the transmission of traditions Adolescence inPre-Industrial Societies

  12. What are our coming-of-age ceremonies and rites of passage? • Sweet 16, debut, bar or batmitzvah,quinceañera, others? • Getting a driver’s license • Prom • Graduation from high school, post-secondary • Obtaining the rights to vote and drink • Engagement, bachelor/ette, stag & doe parties • Weddings Adolescence in Our Society

  13. Jean Piaget: 4 stages of cognitive development – how we know, remember, think, and communicate • Adolescence: when one begins to think more abstractly and to see oneself as a separate being Psychologists on Adolescence

  14. Erik Erikson: 8 stages of psychosocial development – individual thought and behaviour in relation to others. One challenge associated with each stage; a crisis must be overcome • Challenge for adolescence: establish a personal identity • Lawrence Kohlberg: 3-level, 6-stage theory of moral development – how we learn to do and think what is right • Ideally, one achieves full internalization by the end of adolescence

  15. G. Stanley Hall: coined the term adolescence, saw it as a period of emotional upheaval – storm and stress (sturm und drang) • David Elkind: adolescence as a period of immature thinking processes, extreme indecisiveness due to exaggerated self-confidence, idealism, criticism, and egocentrism • Allison Davis: adolescence as a period of socialized anxiety –tension and discomfort that can motivate and influence behaviour Theories of Adolescent Dev’t

  16. Edward Spranger: adolescence sees the development of dominant value direction – the values and worldview that the teen will carry into adulthood • LetaStetterHollingworth: movement from adolescence to adulthood is a gradual process, not one of upheaval • Kurt Lewin: adolescence as a time of changing social group membership. Teens are unclear about their roles, since they are in transition from childhood to adulthood Theories of Adolescent Dev’t

  17. Developmental task: an experience that develops a skill needed to move on to the next developmental stage in the life cycle. Ex. choosing a direction in life; helping grown children to leave home and establish their own lives; adjusting to retirement. • Internalization: when a person’s behaviour stops being externally dictated and starts being internally driven (based on personal values, ethics, standards, beliefs, etc.) • Menarche: a woman’s first menstruation. • Schema: a theory or idea organized into a model or outline. We use schemas to organize our ideas about life and the world. Schema-building continues until adulthood. Important Terms

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