1 / 38

History of Nursing

History of Nursing. Denise Filiatrault RN, BSN, MNc. Objectives. Describe the evolution of nursing and nursing education Discuss significant changes in nursing Identify nursing leaders Identify major organizations Identify components of the health care system Define nursing

norton
Download Presentation

History of Nursing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. History of Nursing Denise Filiatrault RN, BSN, MNc

  2. Objectives • Describe the evolution of nursing and nursing education • Discuss significant changes in nursing • Identify nursing leaders • Identify major organizations • Identify components of the health care system • Define nursing • Define roles and responsibilities of the LPN and RN

  3. Illness? • Early records • Illness = standing with God • Medicine man & witchcraft • Evil spirits • Hippocrates (born 460 BC) • Rejected ‘supernatural’ • Holistic care origins • Hippocratic Oath “Do no harm”

  4. 19th Century • Hospitals Overcrowded • No training • Nurses lower class women • Unkempt • Poor hygiene practices • Dirty conditions

  5. In small groups answer…. • What standards did Florence Nightingale contribute to nursing, and how have they affected the standards of the nursing profession today? • What impact did WWI and WWII have on nursing? • Why did professional nursing organizations develop in the twentieth century, and what is their purpose today? • What characteristics define the LPN/LVN role?

  6. Early Nursing Education • Attendant Nurses • The Ballard School • First school for training practical nurses • Started in 1892 in Brooklyn, NY • 3 months’ duration • Trained students to care for the chronically ill, invalids, children, and the elderly • Main emphasis was on home care • Cooking, nutrition, basic science, basic nursing procedures • Graduated as attendant nurses

  7. Nursing Education • Lutheran Order of Deaconesses • Established the first real school of nursing • Located in Kaiserwerther, Germany • Florence Nightingale attended this school • http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0512.html

  8. Nursing Education • Florence Nightingale • Changed condition of the hospitals • Cleaned units, washed clothes regularly, provided sanitary conditions • Through her patience, dedication, and empathetic treatment, made a psychological change • “Lady with the lamp” • Carried a lamp to light her way through the rows of beds of the injured and sick

  9. Nursing from Occupation to Profession • Contributions of Florence Nightingale • Defined nursing as both an art and a science • Differentiated nursing from medicine • Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them • Established standards for hospital management • Established nursing education and nursing as a respected occupation for women

  10. Nursing from Occupation to Profession • Contributions of Florence Nightingale • Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses • Recognized two components of nursing—health and illness • Recognized nutrition as important to health • Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people • Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing research

  11. Nursing Education in the USA • Most early nursing programs were supported by large hospitals. • First three schools of nursing in the United States • Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, New York • Connecticut Training School, New Haven • Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston • Goal was to set education standards for nurses • Code of ethics was adopted by the society • Nightingale Pledge

  12. Nursing in the USA • Nursing licensure • First laws were established in 1903 • Protect the public • North Carolina, New Jersey, and New York were first states • Isabelle Hampton Robb and Mary Adelaide Nutting • Developed a program at Columbia University to train and develop teachers of nursing

  13. Nursing • World War I • Increased demand for nurses • Army School of Nursing was established • Training focused on “service to the patient” rather than on comprehensive care • Most nurses returned to previous jobs after the war

  14. Nursing • World War I and World War II • Increased demand for nurses • Army School of Nursing was established • Training focused on “service to the patient” rather than on comprehensive care • Nurses stayed in the military after the war • Civilian nursing: low pay, long shifts, atrocious conditions • Military nursing: prestige, good pay, and opportunity for advancement

  15. Nursing Education • Characteristics of health care changed rapidly as health care became an industry • Growth and diversity became the major emphasis • Beginning of contemporary nursing with specialized nursing care adapted to areas • Private duty, school nursing, industrial nursing, nurse anesthesia, and nurse-midwifery

  16. Nursing Education • Association of Practical Nurse Schools • Founded in 1941 • Dedicated to practical nursing • Planned the first standard curriculum for practical nursing • 1942: changed name to the National Association of Practical Nurse Education (NAPNE) • 1959: changed name to National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES)

  17. Nursing • 1961: National League for Nursing • established a Department of Practical Nursing Programs • Developed an accreditation service for PN programs; Council of Practical Nursing Programs • 1965: American Nurses Association • Education should take place in institutions of learning • Many hospital-based nursing programs were disbanded • Trend was changed from “training” nurses to “educating” nurses

  18. Contemporary Nursing Education • Nursing programs are offered by various organizations: high schools, trade or technical schools, hospitals, junior and community colleges, universities, private education agencies • Length of programs: 12 to 18 months • Skills, theory, and clinical practice • National Council Licensing Examination for Practical Nursing (NCLEX-PN) • Examination for licensure as LPN

  19. Nursing • Licensing laws • Protect the public from unqualified persons practicing in almost any field or profession • Jurisdictions • Area such as a state that has the legal power to regulate nursing licensure and practice • State board of nursing

  20. Nursing as a Profession & Discipline • Practice in a wide variety of settings. • Develop a specific body of knowledge. • Conduct and publish nursing research. • Recognize role in promoting health. • Use nursing knowledge as base for nursing practice.

  21. Aims of Nursing • To promote health • To prevent illness • To restore health • To facilitate coping with disability or death

  22. Additional Roles of the Nurse • Caregiver • Communicator • Teacher/Educator • Counselor • Leader • Researcher • Advocate • Maybe a cheerleader too?

  23. Practical Nursing Defined • The activity of providing specific services to patients under direct supervision of a licensed physician or dentist and/or RN • Assist individuals, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health, to their recovery, or to a peaceful death • Educated to be a responsible member of a health care team, performing basic therapeutic, rehabilitative, and preventive care for anyone who needs it

  24. Role of the Nurse: 1887 • In addition to caring for your 50 patients, each nurse will follow these regulations:  • Daily sweep & mop the floors of your ward, dust the patient's furniture & windowsills. • Maintain an even temperature in your ward by bringing in a scuttle of coal for the day's business. • Each nurse on day duty will report every day at 7 a.m. & leave at 8 p.m. except on the Sabbath on which day you will be off from 12 noon to 2 p.m. • Graduate nurses in good standing with the director of nurses will be given an evening off each week for courting purposes or two evenings a week if you go regularly to church. • The nurse who performs her labors and serves her patients and doctors without fault for five years will be given an increase of five cents a day, providing there are no hospital debts outstanding.

  25. In a small group: Discuss the Roles • Patient/Client • Physician • Physician Assistant • Residents - Fellows • ARNP • Registered nurse • LPN/LVN • Nurses Aid • Physical therapists & Occupational Therapists • Respiratory therapists • Dietician • Case Manager • Radiology technician • Pharmacists • Janitor/Housekeeping • Phlebotomist • Social workers • Nurse Managers • House supervisors

  26. In a small group: • Discuss how a multidisciplinary approach to patient care is affected by the influences of other disciplines, economic factors, environmental issues, and expectations of the patient. • How does the nurse fit into this realm?

  27. In Class Activity • Can I have a *not shy* volunteer?

  28. Expanded Educational Roles • Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) • Nurse practitioner (DNP, ARNP) • Nurse anesthetist (CRNA) • Nurse–midwife • Nurse educator • Nurse administrator • Nurse researcher • Nurse entrepreneur • Nurse Lawyer (RN, JD)

  29. Educational Preparation Entry Level Graduate Level RN – MN MN PhD now DNP CNS ARNP CRNA • LPN • LPN-RN • RN • RN-BSN • BSN

  30. Distribution - Nursing Education http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/rnsurveys/rnsurvey2004.pdf

  31. Advance Practice

  32. Nursing Research • Systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession • Evidence-based practice projects • Replications of current reseach • Research integration through systematic review • Multisite and interdisciplinary studies • Increased focus on health disparities

  33. Nursing Research • Evidence-based practice (EBP) • Basing clinical decisions on best possible evidence—especially high-quality research • Level of Evidence • Which is stronger? • Professional opinion vs. Randomized Control Trial • Wikipedia vs. Medline

  34. Goals of Research • Improve care of people in clinical setting. • Study people and the nursing process. • Education • Policy development • Ethics • Nursing history • Develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession. • Provide evidence-based nursing practice.

  35. Components of a Research Journal Article • Abstract • Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion • References

  36. Nursing Role in EB Research • Read widely and critically • Attend professional conferences • Learn to expect evidence that a procedure is effective • Become involved in a journal club • Pursue and participate in EBP projects

  37. Nursing Research Related Websites

  38. Homework for Next Week • Go to one of the above websites and look around. • Post on the discussion board something interesting you found. • See next week’s Required Assignment for details

More Related