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Cambodia Poverty Assessment: Emerging Conclusions on Forestry and Environment

Cambodia Poverty Assessment: Emerging Conclusions on Forestry and Environment. 29 August 2005 Chris Jackson World Bank. Poverty Rates. Welfare of Cambodia’s population has improved

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Cambodia Poverty Assessment: Emerging Conclusions on Forestry and Environment

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  1. Cambodia Poverty Assessment: Emerging Conclusions on Forestry and Environment 29 August 2005 Chris Jackson World Bank

  2. Poverty Rates • Welfare of Cambodia’s population has improved • Per capita consumption has increased since 1997 and now stands 31% above the national average in 1993 (growth to 1997 was stagnant). • This translates in reduced poverty • Overall, households have moved out of poverty • But no evidence of what has happened to individual households • Churning – moving out of poverty study (MOPS) • But there are significant between urban and rural areas • Poverty rate is low in Phnom Penh • Higher in other urban areas • Highest in rural areas • And poverty is more severe in rural areas • Although inequality is lower in rural areas

  3. Agro-Climatic Zones • Helpful to differentiate agro-climatic zones (although diversity within as well as between regions – different to e.g. WFP Food Economy zones (Teas, 1998) • Rates of poverty reduction differ too – across different types of household • Poverty fallen in Plains and Tonle Sap fell by one-quarter • Regions account for three-quarters of the population • Poverty in the Coastal region fell by one-half • Bit only small population • Poverty in the plateau appears to have risen significantly • Concerns of previous sample sizes • Also, rural poverty decline slower than urban poverty reduction

  4. Composition of Incomes • Rural households engage in complex livelihood strategies • Agriculture – crops, livestock, forestry & fishing – is still important • Crops & livestock accounts for 13% of incomes – compares with previous estimates of 29% - 50% • CPR accounts for 9% of incomes – down from previous estimates of 14% - 22% • But big difference cross regions and quintiles • Importance of remittances: Q1 60,238; Q4 117,787; Q5 311,928

  5. Composition of Agricultural Incomes • Evidence of highly complex livelihood strategies, with significant diversification of agricultural incomes across regions and income quintiles (although categories remain broad) • Crop production has fallen faster than overall agricultural incomes – accounts for 29% of agricultural incomes (compared to 54% in 1999 CSES) • Livestock now accounts for one-third of agricultural incomes (up from one-quarter previously) • Incomes from common property resources are increasing as a share of agricultural incomes…

  6. Composition of Agricultural Incomes • … although they are falling as a share of aggregate incomes • Incomes from fishing at 4% • Significantly lower than previous estimates e.g. CSES (1999) 6%; UNICEF (1998) 15%; WFP (1999) 11%; UNICEF (2000) 12%; SEILA (2001) 8% • Income from forestry at 5% • Also lower than previous estimates e.g. CSES (1999) 6%, UNICEF (1998) 10%; WFP (1999) 56%; UNICEF (2000) 10%; SEILA (2001) 9%

  7. Poverty – Environment Nexus • Main themes of poverty-environment nexus (PEN) in Cambodia case study (World Bank, 2003): • High poverty • Deforestation (loss of diversity, watersheds) • Fragile soils (sloping agriculture) • Indoor air pollution • Access to clean water and sanitation • Outdoor air pollution • What does 2004 CSES inform us? • More detailed follow-up ongoing to feed in to NPRS

  8. Poverty • Poverty higher in rural areas - but differ across regions • Poverty rates higher for agriculture than other occupations (43%, compared to e.g. 13% for bureaucrats/ military) • Poorer households depend more on better access to common land for cultivation & livestock grazing and collecting fruits & firewood/ charcoal, and certain construction materials (bamboo)… • … but suffer from more limited access to fishing, hunting, and other construction materials (timber) • Poorer households depend more on locally polluting energy sources (firewood, charcoal), and spend more time collecting • Poorer households have less access to safe drinking water and sanitation, spend more time collecting water and have higher incidence of hygiene-related illnesses

  9. Deforestation • Access to forested areas is important for the poor: • 92% of poorest households collect NTFPs; 31% hunt and forage (80% and 23% for middle quintile) • Critical as a coping mechanism in response to crop failures – particularly in regions with more difficult agro-climatic conditions • Plateau: 35% Ha destroyed by drought (04/05) • Strung Treng: 19% Ha destroyed by drought (03/04) • Mondalkiri: 26% Ha from insect damage (03/05) • Lots of evidence that rural households are losing access to forests (e.g. Seila Perceptions Study) • More severe losses in regions depending on CPRs • 91% of communes in Plateau, compared to 56% in the Plains and 75% in Tonle Sap region • Consequently people have to travel further to collect forest resources • Nationally 50% of households spend more than 3 hours collecting firewood, but figure is 2/3 in Plains, Plateau and Coastal region; 1/3 in Tonle Sap region

  10. Fragile Soils • Small and concentrated land holdings (two-fifths of households with less than 0.5 Ha) • Poor quality agricultural lands and soil quality explain low yields • Costs of addressing poor soil quality are significant • Chemical fertilizers are 20% - 25% of costs of crop production • Little water management – either flood control or irrigation

  11. Indoor Air Pollution • Access to electricity and gas is low • Use of firewood and charcoal as primary energy sources • 84% of all households use firewood as fuel – 97% of the poorest • Increased use of charcoal, particularly the 2nd quintile (from 1% to 4% of households from 1997 to 2004) • Limited access to electricity • 18% of all (urban & rural) households have access to electricity • Poorest still depend on kerosene (fall from 92% in 1997 to 71%) • Increased use of electricity for lighting (6% to 28%) • But strong spatial differences

  12. Water and Sanitation • Poorest lack access to water • Only 1% of rural households have water piped to their dwelling (20% for urban households) • About 70% depend on (open or protected) dug wells, or ponds % rivers • 1% of rural households access public taps – this drops by half in the dry season (suggesting that these dry up) • the very poorest rely on open access resources (rivers & streams, or unprotected wells) – more likely to be over-used • Limited sanitation • 73% of households have no toilet – 94% and 88% for bottom two quintiles (little change over 1993 – 2004) • The richest have access to public sewer or private septic tank (59% of top quintile) • Poor are gaining access to these facilities

  13. Conclusions • Preliminary analysis from CSES • Further evidence of declining access to, and productivity of, common property resources • Fishing – fall in incomes (lower yield, not loss of access) • Forestry – fall in incomes (loss of access and lower yield) • Further work on Poverty-Environment Nexus will provide further evidence

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