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Info + Web Tech Course

Info + Web Tech Course. Information Technologies. Anselm Spoerri PhD (MIT) SC&I @ Rutgers University aspoerri@rutgers.edu anselm.spoerri@gmail.com. Lecture 5 - Overview. HTML Elements Recap: Hierarchy of Tags | Block and Inline Elements div | id | class HTML5

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Info + Web Tech Course

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  1. Info + Web Tech Course • Information • Technologies • Anselm Spoerri PhD (MIT) • SC&I @ Rutgers University • aspoerri@rutgers.edu • anselm.spoerri@gmail.com

  2. Lecture 5 - Overview HTML Elements • Recap: Hierarchy of Tags | Block and Inline Elements • div | id | class HTML5 • HTML5 Key New Features Cascading Style Sheet = CSS • Formatting Rules • Inline | Internal | External specification of CSS rules CSS3 • CSS3 Key New Features CSS Demo Lectures – Week 5 Contenthttp://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~aspoerri/Teaching/InfoTech/Lectures.html#week5

  3. Recap & New – Web Basics: HTML Elements & Tags • HTML is made up of elements • <tag>Content</tag>(read as: open tag, content, close tag) • Three major elements needed on HTML page • <html> - container for all of our HTML code • <head> - put data for browser and other machines • <body> - put content to show to the user • Block-level elements  take up own space vertically(<p>, <h1-6>, <header> <nav>, <main>, <article>, <footer>) • <div> page division and used style blocks of content • Inline-level elements placed inside other elements(<a>, <img>, <strong>, <em>, …)

  4. Page Layout – DIVs • Two methods for creating Web Page Layout • Tables (last lecture) • HTML5, DIVs and CSS (this lecture) • Structure Your Pages URL • Divide logical sections of document into div elements •  Produces “linear / natural flow” of elements • pageContent • header • navigation • main content • footer <div> <div> header content </div> <div> navigation content </div> <div> main content </div> <div> footer content </div> </div>

  5. Page Structure – Hierarchy & Naming Elements • Hierarchical Structure of Web pages • Elements contained inside another element (latter = parent, former = child) • Naming Elements • id="name"can be applied only once  unique #idName {…} define CSS rule • class="name"can be applied many times .className {…} define CSS rule • Useful with div (content blocks) and span (inline text) elements <html> <body> <div> page content </div> </body> </html>

  6. Page Layout – DIVs with IDs • Name div elements with unique IDs • pageContent • header • navigation • main content • footer <div id="pageContent"> <div id="header"> text/images/links </div> <div id="navi"> text/images/links </div> <div id="content"> text/images/links </div> <div id="footer"> text/images/links </div> </div>

  7. Page Layout – HTML5 tags • Use tags that represent meaning of content elements • pageContent • header • navigation • main content • footer <div id="pageContent"> <header> text/images/links </header> <nav> text/images/links </nav> <main> text/images/links </main> <footer> text/images/links </footer> </div>

  8. HTML5 – Intro • Why HTML5? • Reduce the need for external plugins (like Flash) • Better error handling • More markup to replace scripting • HTML5 should be device independent • Based on HTML, CSS, DOM, and JavaScript • What is HTML5 • HTML5 specification – http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/ • Officially Working Draft | “living standard” • Browser Support for HTML5 • HTML5 not yet official standard, no browser provides full HTML5 support. • But all major browsers continue to add support for new HTML5 features. • Understanding & implementing features is what matters.

  9. HTML5 – New Capabilities • http://www.w3schools.com/html5/default.asp • Video specifies standard way to embed video (no plug-in) • Audio specifies standard way to embed audio (no plug-in) • Drag and Drop any element can be draggable what to drag | where to drop | do the drop • Canvas used to draw graphics, on the fly, on web page • SVG supported Scalable Vector Graphics to draw shapes • Geolocation can determine user's position with permission • Web Storage better local storage within browser than cookies • Web WorkersJavaScript runs in background without affecting page performance • Server-Sent Events page gets automatic updates from server

  10. HTML5 – DOCTYPE | charset | lang | CSS & JavaScript links • HTML5 DOCTYPE: <!DOCTYPE html> • not case sensitive | version dropped • all browsers recognize shortened DOCTYPE & render in strict modeand deprecated elements will not work • Specify Character Set: <meta charset="UTF-8" /> • Specify Language: <html lang="en"> • <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><meta charset="utf-8" /> • Script and Link Declarations: type attribute optional <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css" /> <script src="scripts.js"></script>

  11. HTML5 – New Elements New Media Elements <audio> sound content <video> video or movie <source> multiple media resources for <video> and <audio> <embed> container for external application or interactive content (a plug-in) <track> text tracks for <video> and <audio> New Form Elements • New form controls, like calendar, date, time, email, url, search New Semantic / Structural Elements • header, nav, aside, section, article and footer • Focus on your content and consider semantics of each element • Use div if you need containing element strictly for style purposes • Some older browsers treat new elements like inline elements header, footer, nav, article, aside, section { display: block; }

  12. HTML5 – New Semantic / Structural Elements • header element • Used to contain headline(s) for a page and/or section. • Can contain logos and navigational aids. • nav element • Contains major navigation links. • Often contained by header. • aside element • Contains related information, such as sidebar or pull-quotes. • section element • Contains content that is related or grouped thematically. • Only if its content has own self-contained outline (h1,… h6). • Do not use simply for styling purposes – use divs and spans instead. • article element • Stand-alone content such as a blog entry. • footer element • Contains information about a page and/or section.

  13. HTML5 – Element Flowchart • http://html5doctor.com/happy-1st-birthday-us/#flowchart

  14. CSS • Cascading Style Sheets = CSS • Collection of Formatting Rules • Control Appearance of web page: blocks and text • Ensure a more Consistent Treatment of Page Layout and Appearance in Browsers • Separation of Content from Presentation • Easier to Maintain Appearance since Make Change in Single Location • Simpler and Cleaner HTML code  shorter loading times

  15. CSS (cont.) • Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) • Control Text properties • Specific fonts and font sizes; bold, italics, underlining, and text shadows; text color and background color; link color and link underlining; etc. • Control Format & Position of Block-level Elements • Set margins and borders for block-level elements; position them in a specific location; add background color; float text around them; etc. • Liquid layouts: expand/contract based on Browser width. • Easy to apply Same Layout to Whole Site and only need to modify external CSS file. • Minus: Not all browsers support CSS the same way.

  16. CSS (cont.) • CSS Style Sheet stored • External CSS style sheet (.css file linked to page and using a link or an @import rule in the head section of a document). • Internal (or embedded) CSS style sheet (included in style tag in head portion of an HTML document). • Inline styles (defined within specific tag instance in HTML document) Using Inline styles is not recommended. • CSS Rule = Selector and Block of Declarations • Enclosed by {...} brackets and separated by ; • Declaration = Property: Value;

  17. CSS – General Structure of CSS Rule • Basic syntax for Internal and External CSS: selector {property1: value1; property2: value 2;} HTML tag you want to modify Value you want property to take Property you want to change p { text-align: left; color: black; font-family: Arial; } • causes • Font to be left-aligned • Font to be Arial and black

  18. CSS Rules – id and class Rules in Internal Style Sheet • <head> • <style type="text/css"> • /* Comment: pageContent ID and define font to use for page and the top and left margins as well page width. This pageContent div contains all the other divs */ • #pageContent { • font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; • font-size: 12px; • margin-top: 10px; • margin-left: 50px; • width: 500px; • } • /* blue text class */ • .blueText { • color:#009; • } • </style> • </head>

  19. CSS Rules – id and class Rules Applied in <body> • <body> • <div id="pageContent"> • <div id="content"> • <h1>Heading1</h1> • <p class="blueText">Open paragraph</p> • </div> • </div> • </body>

  20. Location of CSS Style Definition • Inline style(causes only the tag to have desired properties) <p style="font-family:Arial; color:blue">Something blue </p> • Internal stylesheet(specific to a document) • Causes all tags in document to have property • <style> tag inside<head> tag of document <head> <style type="text/css"> p { font-family:Arial; color:blue;} </style> </head> • External stylesheet(can control multiple documents) • Ensure consistent appearance of website <head> <link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css" type="text/css" /> </head>

  21. CSS – Cascasde of How Rules are Applied • Style Rules “Cascade” from broad to narrow: • Browser’s Default Behavior • External Style Sheet • Internal Style Sheet • Inline Style

  22. CSS3 – Intro • http://www.w3schools.com/css3/default.asp • CSS3 backwards compatible, don’t have to change existing designs. • BordersRounded, add shadow and use image as border. • Backgrounds new background properties and greater control. • Text Effects newfeatures such as text-shadow or word-wrap. • Fonts can use font you like by including font file on server. • 2D Transforms move, scale, turn, spin and stretch elements. • 3D Transforms format elements using 3D transforms. • Transitionsadd effect when changing from one style to another, such as on mouseover or mouseout events. • Animations specify CSS style inside @keyframes rule and animation will gradually change from the current style to the new style. • Multiple Columns can create multiple columns for laying out text. • User Interface user can resize elements and other features supported.

  23. CSS Demo – Step 1 • Step 1 • Download “startPage.html” fromhttp://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~aspoerri/Teaching/InfoTech/Lectures/Lec5/Steps • Save “startPage” as “page1.html” in folder “week5” • Create nested div structure pageContent, header, navi, content, footer • Assign id name to div

  24. CSS Demo – Step 2 • Step 2 • Create Internal CSS Style Sheet <style type="text/css"> • Create CSS Rule for id="pageContent" font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 10px; margin-left: 50px; width: 500px; • Create CSS Rule for class="blueText" color:#009;

  25. CSS Demo – Step 3 • Step 3 • Create CSS Rule for id="header" in HTML5 for<header> font-size: 9px; border-bottom-width: thin; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: #333; • Create CSS Rule for id="navi" in HTML5 for<nav> font-size: 14px; background-color: #E1E3F7; padding: 5px; margin-top: 5px;

  26. CSS Demo – Step 4 • Step 4 • Create CSS Rule for id="content" in HTML5 for<main> font-size: 12px; • Apply class="blueText" <p> tag inside div with id="content" • Create CSS Rule for id="footer" in HTML5 for<footer> font-size: 10px; border-top-width: thin; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #666;

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