Unit-2-1014 ATC & Aerodrome design

1. Unit-2-1014ATC & Aerodrome design 2. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

2. Key points of Unit 2 • Categories of Airport • ATC and Clearance Requirements • Obstruction Clearance Requirements for current Airport • Distance Separation both in distance and time-RNAV & RNP • Flight Plans

3. Syllabus • Area control service, • Assignment of cruising levels- minimum flight altitude- • ATS routes and significant points – RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time / distance – • ATC clearances – • Flight plans – position report

4. Airport Categories • Based on Size as Large and Medium Airports depending on the size of aircrafts and also on passenger traffic-Total 449 • International Airports-All Metros • Domestic Airports- • Custom Airports with limited immigration (Patna,Goa,Jaipur & Trichy)

5. Hyderabad Airport

6. Area control service Area Control Centre & Services of ACC

7. Area Control Centre • Providing air-traffic control service to IFR flights and controlled VFR flights • Key task is for departing aircraft providing separation between aircrafts before handing them to the adjacent-ACC Area Control Centers.

8. Area Control Centre

9. Area Control Service Services • Include definition of area of responsibility, airspace structure and classification • Delegating responsibility to ATS • Offering procedure for the exchange of flight plan and control data • Offering means of communication • Defining significant points, levels or times for transfer of control • Providing acceptance of control • Providing Radar Coordination procedure and SSR code assignment procedure • Offering Procedure for departing traffic & arrival traffic

10. ATC CLEARANCE ATC clearance requirements-ATC separation-

11. Define: Separation in ATC • Preventing collisions is referred as separation in ATC • Lateral, Vertical and Longitudinal separation minima is the term used to prevent aircraft from coming too close to each other • Many aircraft now have collision avoidance systems installed to act as a backup to ATC observation and instructions

12. Important ATC Clearances • Aircraft identification as shown in the flight plan; • Clearance limit • Route of flight • Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part thereof and changes of levels if required

13. ATC Clearances • Flight plan • Clearance limit; • Route of flight; • Level (s) of flight for the entire route or part thereof and changes of levels If required; • any necessary instructions or information on other matters such as SSR transponder operation, approach or departure maneuvers, • communications and the time of expiry of the clearance.

14. ATC clearances • Based on Clearance limit-by specifying the name of the aerodrome or controlled airspace boundary • Based on Route of Flight-Route of flight detailed in each clearance • Based on Cruising levels- rate of climb or descent or cruising levels • Based on Change in Flight Plan-on a requested change in Route or level • Based on ATC clearance by Voice -for runway in use, altimeter settings, speed instructions, heading etc

15. Flight profile • Preflight-before take off on the runway • Take-off-Pilot powering the aircraft • Departure-lifting off the ground to a cruising speed • Enroute-Travelling thru the centre of airspace • Descend-Pilot maneuvering the aircraft to the destination • Approach-Aligning the aircraft with runway • Landing-at the designated runway

16. Obstruction Clearance of Current Airport factors

17. Factors for Obstruction Clearance • Pre-taxi clearance program: Airports have established pre-taxi clearance programs by which pilots of departing on IFR elect to receive their IFR clearances • Taxi Clearance: Pilots should communicate with the control tower taxi clearance before starting the engine • Abbrevated IFR clearance: ATC issue to Pilot filed in the IFR flight plan including Destination Airport • Change of Flight Plan: If the Pilot has a Flight Plan change, it is with approval with ATC

18. Air Space Classification Definition, Airspace classification, ATS Route, altitude sectorization

19. Airspace

20. Airspace Classification

21. Airspace Classification • Class A ; FL 180; for IFR,ATC Clearance before entry, Clear Aircraft Separation • Class C : FL 125 for IFR & VFR, Clearance before Entry, Separation of VFR from IFR • Class D: FL8500 all airports airspace

22. Indian Airspace & Airports • Airspace: 6.0 Million Sq.Km (approx) • Division into 5 FIRs -Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai & Guwahati • Based on Radar Coverage: Mono Pulse SSR & PSR (MSSR) installed at 12 strategic locations to ensure radar coverageto the entire land area(Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Nagpur, Hyderabad,Mangalore,Thiruvananthapuram,Varanasi, Guwahati & Berhampur) • 67 Airports withVOR & DME

23. Chennai Airport 12° 59' 40N 80° 10' 50E Mag Var: 1.431W 52 ft AMSL

24. RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time / distance ATS routes and significant points – RNAV and RNP – Vertical, lateral and longitudinal separations based on time / distance

25. Separation         Spacing   Spacing vs. Separation • Routes are SPACED • e.g. spacing between parallel routes =18 NM • SEPARATION • refers to a minimum distance (longitudinal / horizontal), angular difference or time interval required between aircraftin a given situation. Radar Non-Radar

26. ATS Route & Route Designator-Definitions • A specified route designed for channeling the flow of traffic for air traffic services. • ATS Route -defined by an ATS route designator • ATS Designator = • to & fro track from significant points (waypoints), • distance between significant points, • reporting requirements and • lowest safe altitude.

27. Classification • RNAV AND RNP Routes & loaded into the RNAV system • PBN RNAV Routes where VOR/DME define the ATS Routes-A, B, G, R routes=Regional networks of ATS routes • L, M, N, P – Area navigation routes (RNAV)

28. RNAV Routes • 6 parallel one-way RNAV routes; • Routes Crossing the 6 parallel one-way RNAV routes; • Routes Not Crossing the 6 parallels, but crossing Class 2 Route • Routes Not Crossing either 6 parallels or Class II routes.

29. ATS Route from Chennai to New Delhi

30. Indian ATS Route • ATS Space in the Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea and part of the Indian Ocean=3.8 million sq Km • International Routes = 89 • Domestic Routes = 110 • RNP 10 Routes = 39

31. Aircraft Separation & types • Aircraft separation- the concept of keeping an aircraft in a minimum distance from another aircraft to reduce the risk of aircraft colliding, and to prevent accidents due to wake turbulence. • 2 Types as Vertical separation and Horizontal Separation( lateral and Longitudinal)

32. Separation Limits • Not Less than 1000’ when an altitude is 29,000 feet (8,800 m), • Not less than 2,000 feet (or 600 m), at an Altitude of of more than 29,000’ • Horizontal separation-Lateral and Longitudinal

33. Vertical Separation

34. Vertical Separation& RVSM • • Standard – 1000’ up to FL290 • – 2000’ above FL290 • – 5000’ above FL600 • RVSM as 1000’ when altitude above 29,000’ and guided by Autopilot and with modern altimeter

35. Horizontal Separation between Aircrafts • If any two aircraft separated by less than the vertical separation minimum, then some form of horizontal separation exist. • Lateral separation minima are usually based upon the position of the aircraft as derived visually, from dead reckoning or internal navigation sources, or from radio navigation aids • lateral separation be defined by the geography of pre-determined routes- example North Atlantic Track system

36. Longitudinal separation • If two aircraft not laterally separated, tracks within 45 degrees of each other (or the reciprocal), then they are said to be some form of longitudinal separation existing • Longitudinal separation be based upon time or distance as measure by DME. • Rule is the 15 minute rule: • No two aircraft following the same route must come within 15 minutes flying time of each other. • In areas with good navaid cover this reduces to 10 minutes; if the preceding aircraft is faster than the following one then this can be reduced further depending of the difference in speed. • Aircraft whose tracks bisect at more than 45 degrees said to be crossing,.

37. Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum-RVSM • an important objective to improve airspace capacity • RVSM enable the application of a 1,000-ft Vertical Separation Minimum between duly-equipped aircraft in the FL 290 - FL 410 flight band • RVSM increase capacity through the introduction of these six additional flight levels, to reduce controller workload while maintaining, or even improving, current levels of safety

38. RVSM Airspace • Airspace between FL 290 and FL 410, both inclusive, in the following Flight Information Regions (FIRs)/Upper Flight Information Regions (UIRs) • RVSM from FL330 to FL410 in the Kolkata, Chennai Delhi and Mumbai FIRs, to allow domestic traffic that were not RVSM-approved to continue to operate at FL310 and below.

39. Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM) • 1000’ from FL290 to FL 410 • First introduced over Oceanic Airspace • Introduced over Domestic US (and internationally) on • 1/20/05 (DRVSM) • – Cruise operation within D/RVSM airspace requires • specific avionics (more accurate altimetry and collision • avoidance system), plus pilot training • – ATC can grant exceptions to these requirements for • transit through RVSM airspace to

41. RNAV-advantages

42. RNAV-Required Navigation-advantages • Aircraft precisely positioned on course by navigation system usingGPS technology and flown by autopilot. • Flight Management System computes constant descent glide path eliminating “dive and drive”. • Glide path termination / DH allows pilot to continue to runway without “pushing over

43. Advantages • Increased ATC capacity-RVSM will reduce controller workload. capacity of these simulated sectors could increase by a significant percentage--almost 20%, approximately--as compared to the Conventional Vertical Separation Minima (CVSM) • Optimum route profiles-Availability of six additional flight levels in the busiest level band will allow operators to plan for, operate at, or closer to, the optimum vertical route profile for each aircraft type.

44. Performance Based Navigation • RNAV -Area Navigation-Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)/Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs); Routes, Global Positioning System (GPS) MinimumEnroute Altitudes (MEAs; Continuous Descent Arrival CDA)/Optimized ProfileDescent (OPD) • RNP Required Navigation Performance-Special Aircraft and Aircrew Authorization Required(SAAAR) [will be changing to AR – Authorization Required]

46. RNP-key elements • Highly accurate GPS navigation system • Procedures create path conformance with high degree of accuracy and repeatability • Curved flight paths (Radius to Fix RFLegs) • Monitoring and alerting of navigation performance • Guided Missed Approach for increased safety of flight

47. Non Radar Separation • Same Course & • Crossing Course • In areas of insufficient radar coverage, ‘manual' separation rules apply for airport departures/arrivals and enroute flights. • DME separation example: with slower speed aircraft behind, use pilot reported positions from DME (Distance Measurement Equipment) readings

48. Minimum for Same Course Separation

49. Minima for Crossing Course Separation

50. Enroute Radar Air separation • Flights must be separated from other sectors and Special Use Airspace. • En route Stage A/DARC or Stage A/EDARC: • (a) Below Flight Level 600− 2 1/2 miles. • (b) Flight Level 600 and above− 5 miles. • • Military Operating Areas • • Prohibited Area • • Restricted Area • • Warning Area