Boys and girls Welcome

1. Boys and girls Welcome

2. About practical lessons 1 Lab: morphology lab 5 and 6 On fourth floor of east building class one in lab5, class two in lab6 2 Preparation: Textbooks laboratory manual practical paper and so on 3 no food in lab

3. Exercises after class 1 HE staining Acidophilc, Basophilc 2 Features of electron microscopy Tissue slide in practical lessons: Spinal ganglion

4. Self Introduction Zhao Hongxian Lecturer Master graduate Email:zilong5276@sohu.com QQ:15673656

5. Faculty of the department of histology and embryology

6. 第一章 组织学绪论 Chapter 1 Histological Introduction

7. 2 Significants（why） 3 Technology（how） Main contents： 1 Definiton、contents （what）

8. 1 Definiton,study contents 1.1 Definiton of histology(组织学) Histo = tissue, logos = study or science A science which studies the normalmicrostructures of the body and the basic functions.

9. 1.2 Study contents Cell(细胞): Basic unit of structure and function of body Tissue（组织）: ★Definition： made of cells and extracellular matrix ★Types：(1) Epithelial tissue，Epi (2) Connective tissue, CT (3) Muscle tissue (4) Nervous tissue 3. Organ（器官）and system（系统）

10. Differences？

11. 2 Significants Basic science：WHY？ Precondition of studying other medical disciplines, especially physiology and pathology

12. Intern (exercitation) Graduate Clinic (Medicine, Surgery, Gynecology, Pedology, etc.) Pathphysiology Pharmocology Basic medicine &Surgery Biochemistry Physiology Microbiology Immunology Pathology Parasitology macrostructure microscope First Year Histology & Embryology Anatomy

13. 3 Histological techniques 3.1 Observing tools（your weapon） 光镜（light microscope, LM） 电镜（electron microscope， EM） 3.2 Samples paraffin section, frozen section, ultrathin section ,Smear, stretched preparation, ground section, living cell. 3.3 Treatments of sample HE staining, special staining,, histochemistry, in situ hybridization, heavy metal staining, autoradiography vital staining

14. 3.1 observing tools 3.1.1 Light microscope Based on the interaction of light and tissue components Compositions： mechanical and optical parts

15. 3.1.2 Electron microscope Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) SEM TEM

16. TEM

17. Transmission electron microscope （1）Features：★ ① beam of electrons ② Electromagnetic lenses ③ Ultrathin (40-90 nm ) ④ Heavy metal staining (Uranyl acetate, Lead Citrate, lead nitrate） （2）Dark areas of an electron micrograph are usually called electron dense ★, Light areas are called electronlucent★

18. Scanning electron microscope Do not pass through the specimen，interact with surface of the specimen， and produce reflected or emitted electrons→ → captured by a detector→ → transmit them to amplifiers and other devices→ → projected into a monitor→resulting in a pseudo-three-dimensional black-and-white image SEM → →Pseudo-three-dimensional ,surface structures TEM → →Plane, intra structures

19. 3.2 Samples 3.2.1 Paraffin section（石蜡切片）： Classic and main sample Steps of making paraffin section：For observing clearly ① Obtainthe sample ② Fix ③ Dehydrate, Clear ④ Embed ⑤ Section （5-10 um ） ⑥ Stain（increase contrast） ⑦ Mount and label

20. 3.2.2 0ther samples（self-study）： Frozen section Ultrathin section Smear Stretched preparation Ground section Living cell

21. Smear ground section stretched preparation

22. 3 Treatments of samples Treatments AUSAS 3.1 H E staining：★ ① The most commonly used ② H (hematoxylin)，blue basic dye make acid substance blue ③ E (eosin)，red acidic dye make basic substance red ④ Combination of hematoxylin and eosin is called HE staining

23. 3.1.1 Terms relating to HE staining a.★ Tissue components with an high affinity for basic dyes are termed basophilic b.★ Tissue components with an high affinity for acid dyes are termed acidophilic (Gr. Phileo means love)

24. 3.1.2 Rules of HE staining A. Nucleus is generally stainedblue or purple （why）； The more dark the nucleus stains, the more inactive the cell functions B. Cytoplasm is generally stainedred（why）； RERs or ribosomes are stained blue in cytoplasm, which indicates cells actively synthesis proteins

25. 3.2 Histochemistry 3.2.1 General histochemistry 1）Principles：★ target substances+A reagent→→insoluble colored or electron-dense compounds →→localization of target substances by means of light or electron microscopy 2）Localizing： Ions Polysaccharides & Oligosaccharides：PAS reaction Lipids Nucleic acids：Feulgen reaction Proteins (enzymes)

26. 3.2.2 Immunohistochemistry 1）Princple：Specific affinity between antigen(target protein or peptide) and antibody Lables： Fluorescent compound,peroxidase, gold particle

27. in situ hybridization 3.2.3 In situ hybridization 1）Probe: A known segment of single-stranded DNA or RNA that is complementary to the target nucleic acid. probe must be tagged with a lable. 2 ) Principle：Because of complementary→ probe+target nucleic acid→hybridizing→→detecting the target nucleic acid（DNA,RNA）

28. 3.2.4 Other treatments of samples（self-study） Special staining, Vital staining Heavy metal staining, Autoradiography

29. 4 About studying histology 1) preparation,lectures and review a lesson 2) systematic study: Syetems, organs,tissues,cells, organelles 3) pay more attention to study method 4) asking and thinking 5) two dimentional and three dimentional 6) various sections of one structure 7) artifacts in tissue samples

30. Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

32. obtain、fix immerse Dehydrate,clear embed

33. section

34. stain mount lable

36. rules

37. Sliver staining

38. stretched preparation :demonstrating macrophage

39. Ground section of bone

40. This peripheral blood smear is stained with the Wright's stain Blood smear, Giemsa stain.

42. PCNA阳性表达情况，免疫细胞化学染色，×400

43. 免疫组织化学（荧光素标记） 毛细血管内皮细胞呈vWF阳性

45. OVER TANAKS A LOT