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The Crusades: History, Goals, and Consequences

Explore the tumultuous era of the Crusades, as Christian knights embarked on holy wars to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Discover the economic, social, political, and religious motivations behind the Crusades and their lasting impact on Europe and the Middle East. From the ill-prepared First Crusade to the powerful monarchs of the Third Crusade, dive into the events that shaped this pivotal period in history. Unravel the consequences of the Crusades, from enriching Italian merchants to reshaping trade routes and empowering European monarchs.

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The Crusades: History, Goals, and Consequences

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  1. p. 378 – 386 in your book

  2. The Middle Ages -- Review • Europe years 500-1000 called the “Dark Ages” • Continuous invaders from south (Magyars) and west (Vikings) • Loss of security from Roman Empire • DECENTRALIZATION • Lead to a spiritual revival • Church began restructuring / massive building projects (Cathedrals)

  3. Muslim, Jew, Christian…

  4. Historical Concept WestvsEast • Mycenaean Greeks • Athenians/Spartans • Alexander’s Campaigns • Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians • Crusaders • Israel • U.S. led coalitions • Trojans (Hittites) • The Persian Empire • The Persian Empire • Rise of Islam; Muslims and Turks • Muslims • Palestine • Iraq/Afghanistan

  5. Historical Concept WestvsEast

  6. The CrusadesWhat are they? • Muslim Turks threatening to conquer Constantinople (capital of Byzantine Empire) • Byzantine Emperor pleads for help • Pope Urban II – issued a call for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land • Next 300 years littered with Crusades against the Muslims.

  7. The Crusades • Soldiers, trained killers, Knights and the Crusades: • http:What should we do with these trained killers? //www.youtube.com/watch?v=z-niTeTY7pw

  8. Goals of the Crusades • Economic • Merchants profited by giving loans to fund the journey • Leased ships to transport armies across Mediterranean • Take trade routes from Muslim traders • Social • Younger sons, who would not inherit property saw it as a chance to claim land • Get the violent knights out of Europe….fighting and destruction in another land. • Political • Get rid of fighting knights who threatened peace and church property • Religious • Reclaim Palestine and reunite Christians (was split East & West) • Stop Muslim attacks

  9. 1st and 2nd Crusades • All classes gathered in Constantinople • ill-prepared for war – didn’t know climate, geography, culture • No strategy and no leader • All were promised a spot in heaven • Most were French – Bohemians, Germans, Englishmen, Scots, Italians and Spaniards joined as well The First Crusade was launched in 1096

  10. 1st Crusade • An army of 12k approached Jerusalem, and besieged the city for a month • Capture the city in 1099 • Victory was a narrow strip of land • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGj_bOX9yGo&feature=related

  11. Textbook • Page 325 and 326

  12. 2nd Crusade • These newly formed Christian states were vulnerable to Muslim counterattack • 1144 – Edessa reconquered by Turks • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_Y748407hA • 2nd Crusade organized to recapture the city – it failed in 1187 • Jerusalem had been captured by Saladin a Muslim leader

  13. 3rd Crusade to Recapture Jerusalem • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXCJhNKQw3Q • Led by 3 of Europe’s most powerful monarchs • Phillip II of France • Frederick I of Germany • Richard the Lion Hearted of England • What eventually happened in 1192?

  14. The Consequences of the Crusades • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EF0uKNJyHj4 • What were some of the consequences of the Crusades?

  15. Consequences • a) Italian Merchants get rich equipping knights – ports of Italy busier than ever. • b) Important trade routes re-opened between Europe and the Middle East • c) New products introduced to Europe – silk, spices, fine cloth, technology • d) The remaining kings and lords in Europe become more powerful because enemies were killed in the Middle East

  16. Crusades -- Consequences • e) After the failure of the Crusades, the Middle East remains controlled by Muslim Turks = the Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I, 1918

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