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1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:History and Governments Section 2:Cultures and Lifestyles Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. Regions Common threads of language and religion unite Latin America. Once claimed as European colonies, Latin American countries today are primarily Roman Catholic, and most still use either Spanish or Portuguese as the official language. These two languages are based on Latin, which is how the region gets its name.In what ways can language and religion both unite and divide a region? Chapter Intro 1

4. Section 1: History and Governments All living things are dependent upon one another and their surroundings for survival. Native American civilizations of Latin America developed ways of living that used the resources of their environment. People who lived in different areas depended on trade to obtain the goods they wanted. In colonial times, the people of Latin America exchanged goods with Europeans. Chapter Intro 2

5. Section 2: Cultures and Lifestyles The characteristics and movement of people impact physical and human systems. The different groups who have settled Latin America include Native Americans, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. These groups have influenced the cultures and lifestyles of the region. Chapter Intro 2

6. Chapter Intro-End

7. All living things are dependent upon one another and their surroundings for survival. Section 1-Main Idea

8. Content Vocabulary • maize • jade • obsidian • hieroglyphics • empire • cash crop • caudillo • communist state Academic Vocabulary • complex • transform • stable • revolution Section 1-Key Terms

9. A Mayan village in Guatemala remembers its dead in a spectacular way. For their Day of the Dead celebration—when people remember relatives and friends who have died—villagers create enormous kites of tissue paper, bamboo, and wire. Finished kites can reach 40 feet across! Sailing above local cemeteries, the kites create a symbolic link between the living and the dead. Read this section to learn more about the historical traditions that have shaped Latin America. Section 1-Picture This

10. A B Do you do anything special to honor loved ones that have passed away? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

11. The Aztec people of central Mexico used cacao seeds—from which chocolate is made—for money. The government accepted the seeds as tax payment, and business owners accepted them as fair trade for their wares. It is even speculated that Aztec crooks made counterfeit seeds! Section 1

12. Early History Some Native Americans developed advanced civilizations in the region. Europeans later conquered much of the region and set up colonies. Section 1

13. Early History (cont.) • The Olmec civilization of southern Mexico lasted from 1500 B.C. to 300 B.C. • Some Olmec cities specialized in farming, growing maize, or corn, and squash and beans. • Others controlled important mineral resources such as jadeand obsidian, a hard, black, volcanic glass. Section 1

14. Early History (cont.) • The Maya lived in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula and surrounding areas between A.D. 300 and A.D. 900. • They used hieroglyphics to record their history. • About A.D. 900, the Maya civilization mysteriously collapsed. Native America Civilizations Section 1

15. Early History (cont.) • Next, the Toltec seized what is now northern Mexico, building the city of Tula and conquering lands all the way to the Yucatán Peninsula. • Around A.D. 1200, the Aztec people from the north moved into central Mexico and captured Tula. • Tenochtitlán was the Aztec capital. Native America Civilizations Section 1

16. Early History (cont.) • During the 1400s, the Inca empire, in what is now Peru in South America, stretched more than 2,500 miles (4,023 km) along the Andes. • The Inca ruler put in place a complex system of record keeping. Native America Civilizations Section 1

17. Early History (cont.) • In 1519 a Spanish Army led by Hernán Cortés marched to Tenochtitlán, Mexico, and overtook the Aztec. • In 1532 Francisco Pizarro attacked the Inca, killed the ruler, and conquered that empire. Section 1

18. Early History (cont.) • The Aztec and Inca conquests allowed Spain to build an empire that included much of South America, the Caribbean, Middle America, and parts of present-day United States. • Portugal took control of what is today Brazil. • France, Britain, and the Netherlands overtook some Caribbean areas and parts of North America. Section 1

19. Early History (cont.) • The arrival of the Europeans transformed the populations of these lands by settling the land, setting up colonial governments, and spreading Christianity among the Native Americans. • They also used Native Americans as workers to grow cash crops. • Eventually, European landowners brought enslaved Africans for labor. Section 1

20. A B C D Who built Latin America’s first civilization? A.Aztec B.Inca C.Maya D.Olmec Section 1

21. Forming New Nations Most of Latin America gained independence in the 1800s, but hardships followed for many of the new nations. Section 1

22. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In 1804, enslaved Africans under François-Dominique Toussaint-L’Ouverture threw off French rule in Haiti. • Haiti became the only nation ever created as a result of a revolt by enslaved people. History at a Glance Section 1

23. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Despite many battles, Mexicans did not gain their independence until 1821, becoming a republic in 1823. • That same year, the countries of Central America won their freedom from Spain. History at a Glance Section 1

24. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In 1819 Simón Bolívar won freedom from the Spanish for the present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia. • In 1817 José de San Martín liberated Chile. • A few years later, San Martín and Bolívar jointly defeated the Spanish in Peru. History at a Glance Section 1

25. Forming New Nations (cont.) • By the end of the 1820s, all of Spain’s and Portugal’s colonies in Latin America had won their independence. • Many of the new Latin American countries ended slavery. History at a Glance Section 1

26. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Many Latin American nations hoped their countries would become stable democracies with prosperous economies. • Obstacles arose, however, including conflict over the role of religion in their society, boundary lines, tensions between the rich and poor, and leaders known as caudillos who often ruled as dictators. History at a Glance Section 1

27. Forming New Nations (cont.) • During the late 1800s, businesspeople from the United States and Europe set up companies throughout Latin America, exporting such products as bananas, sugar, coffee, copper, and oil. History at a Glance Section 1

28. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Some Latin American countries decided to grow only one or two key products. • Prices and profits increased as a result, but a decline in demand caused prices to drop, followed by losses in income and jobs. History at a Glance Section 1

29. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Benefits to Latin America’s dependence on exports included foreign investors who built ports, roads, and railroads; in turn, these caused city growth and the creation of a middle class. History at a Glance Section 1

30. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In 1898 the United States and Spain fought a war over Spanish-ruled Cuba. Spain was defeated, and Cuba became a republic under U.S. protection. • The United States also gained control of Puerto Rico. History at a Glance Section 1

31. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In 1903 the United States helped Panama win its freedom from Colombia and gained permission to build the Panama Canal. • Over the next 25 years, American troops landed in Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic to protect U.S. political and economic interests. History at a Glance Section 1

32. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In the mid-1900s, Latin American leaders borrowed heavily from banks in other countries, acquiring a large debt that weakened their economies. • Prices rose, wages fell, and people lost jobs. History at a Glance Section 1

33. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Dissatisfied political and social groups in some countries rebelled against leaders who ruled ruthlessly or were in power too long. • In 1959 a young lawyer named Fidel Castro carried out a revolution in Cuba and set up a communist state. History at a Glance Section 1

34. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In El Salvador, fighters supported by Castro battled government troops armed by the United States. History at a Glance Section 1

35. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Difficult economic and political reforms in the 1980s helped strengthen many Latin American countries, but these changes were often harsh and turned many Latin Americans against dictators. • During the 1990s, democratic movements succeeded in several countries. History at a Glance Section 1

36. Forming New Nations (cont.) • Latin America’s population is growing rapidly, but resources are limited. • Growing trade in illegal drugs has increased crime and corruption, and tensions still exist between rich and poor. History at a Glance Section 1

37. Forming New Nations (cont.) • In the early 2000s, angry voters in Venezuela, Bolivia, Peru, Mexico, and Chile elected new leaders who promised changes that would weaken the power of the wealthy and benefit the poor. History at a Glance Section 1

38. A B C D Who defeated the Spanish in 1819 and won freedom for the present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia? A.Hidalgo B.Morelos C.Bolívar D.San Martín Section 1

39. Section 1-End

40. The characteristics and movement of people impact physical and human systems. Section 2-Main Idea

41. Content Vocabulary • migration • mestizo • pidgin language • carnival • mural Academic Vocabulary • element • comment • style Section 2-Key Terms

42. Teenage girls celebrate their African heritage during Trinidad’s Children’s Carnival Competition. Carnival is celebrated in the days before Lent begins. Lent is a time of prayer and fasting in the Roman Catholic Church. During Carnival, both young people and adults dress in costumes. Costumes include characters from nursery rhymes and movie superheroes. As you read this section, you will learn about the different cultures of the people of Latin America. Section 2-Picture This

43. A B Are you familiar with your cultural heritage? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

44. Families of the dead in Guanajuato, Mexico, must pay a yearly grave tax, or the remains of their loved ones will be removed. Occasionally, cemetery workers discover a body that has naturally mummified, probably because of the dry air in the region. Recognizing a good source of income, the city opened the Mummy Museum with now more than a hundred mummies on display. This attraction draws 800,000 people a year to Guanajuato. Section 2

45. The People Latin Americans come from a variety of cultures, but many share common characteristics. Section 2

46. The People (cont.) • Latin America’s highest birthrates are in Central America. • Guatemala and Honduras are expected to double in population by 2050. • Most Latin Americans live in the favorable climates along the coasts of South America in an area reaching from Mexico into Central America. Section 2

47. The People (cont.) • Migrationto Latin America has included Europeans, Africans, and Asians, either willingly or by force. • Some Latin Americans migrate to the United States. • All of these new arrivals bring elements of their culture with them. Section 2

48. The People (cont.) • Latin Americans also move within their country or the region. • In certain rural areas, population growth has resulted in a shortage of fertile land, and smaller farms cannot support large families. • People often leave to find jobs elsewhere, usually in cities, resulting in urbanization. Section 2

49. The People (cont.) • Today most Latin Americans live in rapidly growing cities. • In South America, about 80 percent of people live in cities, but in Central America and the Caribbean, only about 65 percent are urban dwellers. Section 2

50. The People (cont.) • Most Latin Americans leave villages for the cities to find better jobs, schools, housing, and health care. • As city populations grow, jobs and housing become scarce and many people find themselves in miserable conditions. Section 2